بررسي و شناخت مواد آلي لايه ‌چيني و طلاچسبان دورۀ صفويه در كاخ چهل‌ستون قزوين

Investigation and Recognition of Organic Matterials of Pastiglia Layer and Gliding of Safavid Period in Chehel Sotoun Palace of Qazvin

آرايۀ لايه چيني و طلاكاري يكي از پيچيده ترين و خاص¬ترين شيوه هاي تزئين سطح، در معماري اسلامي ايران است كه شكوفايي آن را بايد در دوره صفوي جست و جو كرد؛ اين آرايۀ معماري كه تركيبي از مواد آلي و همچنين مواد معدني فلزي و غيرفلزي در كنار يكديگر است، طي فرايند خاصي عمل آوري و اجرا مي شده است. جهت حفاظت صحيح اثر و همچنين بازيابي اطلاعات فني نهفته در آن و همچنين دستيابي به اطلاعات فني اين گونۀ آرايۀ معماري در ايران دورۀ صفويه، بازشناخت هنري و فني آن در كاخ چهلستون قزوين به عنوان يكي از مهم ترين بناهاي پايتخت بخشي از دورۀ صفويه، اهميت و ضرورت پيدا مي كند. از اولين پايتخت دورۀ صفويه(در تبريز) آرايۀ لايه چيني و طلاكاري باقي نمانده است و قزوين قبل از اصفهان مورد توجه بوده و اقدامات شايسته اي در خلق آرايه هاي معماري انجام پذيرفته است. پژوهش حاضر، به مطالعۀ ساختار آرايه هاي لايه چيني و طلاكاري در دو دوره صفويه(دورۀ شاه تهماسب و دورۀ شاه عباس) در كاخ چهلستون قزوين پرداخته است. اين پژوهش، با رويكرد آزمايشگاهي با هدف واكاوي و شناخت ساختار بخش هاي مختلف اين آرايه ها از جمله ساختار آلي و معدني لايه چيني و همچنين لايۀ طلايي استفاده شده بر روي لايه چيني، موسوم به طلاكاري، انجام پذيرفته است. در اين راستا، از بخش لايه چيني و طلاكاري لايۀ مربوط به دورۀ شاه تهماسب و همچنين لايۀ مربوط به دورۀ شاه عباس صفوي نمونه برداري انجام پذيرفت كه با استفاده از آناليزهاي(SEM-EDS, FT-IR, GC-MS) به ارزيابي و مقايسۀ اين نمونه ها پرداخته شد. نتيجۀ آناليز EDS از سطح لايۀ فلزي نشان دهندۀ طلا با خلوص بالا است، همچنين بخش معدني لايه چيني، از تركيب گچ و نوعي خاك با درصد آهن بالا(گل هرمز يا گل ارمني) تشكيل شده است. بررسي تصاوير SEM بر روي نمونه هاي مورد بررسي، نشان دهنده وجود بقايايي از مواد آلي مورد استفاده در آرايه هاي لايه چيني و طلاچسباني است. بررسي نمونه ها با GC-MS نشان دهنده استفاده از روغن هاي گياهي است كه باتوجه به مقدار قابل توجه تركيبات هيجده كربني و اكسيدهاي آن، ميتوان آن را منسوب به روغن بزرك دانست كه به عنوان چسباننده ورق طلا در آرايه هاي لايه چيني و طلاكاري مورد استفاده بوده است.

The wall paintings of Qazvin Chehelsotoun Mansion include two periods in the early Safavid period and one period in the Qajar period. This topic has received little attention in the field of structural studies and stylistics. Investigating these decorations in order to understand the evolution of this art and considering the temporal precedence over other murals in the Safavid period seems necessary. The city of Qazvin is located in the northern part of Iran and west of its capital. Qazvin has been the capital city of Iran for more than half a century in the Safavid era.Today only a few important monuments of that era remained. That is why they all need special attention to identify, maintain and introduce.Among these monuments, the Chehelsotoun mansion is very important because of the remaining of the early Safavid murals.Pastiglia and gilding is one of the most complex and special methods of surface decoration in Islamic architecture of Iran, the flourishing of which should be sought in the Safavid period; This architectural array, which is a combination of organic materials as well as metallic and non-metallic minerals, was processed and executed during a special process. In order to properly protect the work and also to retrieve the technical information contained in it, as well as to obtain the technical information of this type of architectural arrangement in Safavid Iran, its artistic and technical recognition in Qazvin Chehelsotoun as one of the most important buildings in the capital. Safavidism becomes important and necessary. From the first capital of the Safavid period (in Tabriz) there is no layered and gilded array and Qazvin before Isfahan was considered and appropriate measures have been taken to create architectural arrays. The present study has studied the structure of layered and gilded arrays in the two Safavid periods (Shah Tahmaseb period and Shah Abbas period) in Qazvin Chehelsotoun. This research has been done with a laboratory approach with the aim of analyzing and understanding the structure of different parts of these arrays, including the organic and inorganic structure of the pastiglia layer, as well as the golden layer used on the pastiglia layer, called gilding. In this regard, sampling was done from the layer of pastiglia and gilding related to Shah Tahmaseb period and also the layer related to Shah Abbas Safavid period, which was evaluated using analyzes (SEM-EDS, FT-IR, GC-MS) and These samples were compared. The result of EDS analysis from the surface of the metal layer indicates high purity gold. Also, the mineral part of the pastiglia layer is composed of gypsum and a type of soil with a high percentage of iron (Hormuz or Armenian mud). Examination of SEM images on the samples showed the presence of residues of organic matter used in pastiglia and gold-plated arrays. Examination of the samples with GC-MS indicates the use of vegetable oils, which due to the significant amount of eighteen carbon compounds and their oxides, it can be attributed to flaxseed oil as a gold leaf adhesive in pastiglia layer arrays and Gilding has been used.