تحليل ملاحظات و چالش‌هاي حقوقي مديريت بازيافت پساب

Analysis of Legal Considerations and Challenges of Wastewater Reuse Management

ﺑﺎزﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﭘﺴﺎب ﯾﮑﯽ از اﺑﺰارﻫﺎي ﻣﻬﻢ در زﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ آب و ﺣﻔﻆ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ ﺗﻠﻘﯽ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد ﮐﻪ ﻧﯿﺎز ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از آن ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﺎﯾﺖ ﺑﻪ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖ، روز ﺑﻪ روز ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد. اﯾﻦ اﻣﺮ از ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﯽ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ اﺳﺖ و ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺘﯽ و ﻓﻨﯽ از اﺑﻌﺎد ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ اﺛﺮات ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ و ﻏﯿﺮﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ ﭘﺴﺎب ﻫﺎ ﮔﺬاﺷﺘﻪ و ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﭘﯿﭽﯿﺪﮔﯽ در اراﺋـﻪ اﻟﮕـﻮي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از اﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﺠﺪﯾﺪﭘﺬﯾﺮ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ. ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ اﺻﻠﯽ آن اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎزﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﭘﺴﺎب ﮐﻪ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮاﺗﯽ را ﺑﺮاي ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ و ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ، ﺑﺮﭼﻪ اﺻﻮل ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ اﺳﺖ؟ و در ﺻﻮرﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎزﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﺑﻪ اﯾﺠﺎد ﺧﺴﺎرت ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮدم و ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ ﺑﯿﻨﺠﺎﻣﺪ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﻣﺪﻧﯽ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ و ﺑﺮ ﭼﻪ اﺳﺎﺳﯽ ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد؟ آﯾﺎ اﯾﻦ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻘﺼﯿﺮ اﺳﺖ؟ ﯾﺎ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ از ﻧﻈﺎم ﻫﺎي ﻣﺪرن ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﻣﺤﺾ ﯾﺎ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ در اﯾﻦ زﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﺑﻬﺮه ﺑﺮد؟ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺎ روش ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ–ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ و ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪ ﮐﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ اي ﺗﻼش ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ از ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﻓﻘﻬﯽ و ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از ﺑﺎزﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﭘﺴﺎب ﺑﭙﺮدازد و ﺳﺮاﻧﺠﺎم ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﮔﯿﺮي ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎزﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﺎ رﻋﺎﯾﺖ اﺻﻞ اﺣﺘﯿﺎط و ﻻﺿﺮر ﺻﻮرت ﭘﺬﯾﺮد. اﻣﺎ اﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺴﺎرات ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺷﺪ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻘﺼﯿﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ دﺷﻮاري ﻫﺎي ﮐﻪ در ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ اﺛﺒﺎت دارد، ﻧﻤﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺧﺴﺎرات زﯾﺎن دﯾﺪه را ﺟﺒﺮان ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ. ﻟﺬا اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﻈﺎم ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﻣﺤﺾ/ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ و ﻧﯿﺰ ﺗﺮوﯾﺞ ﺑﯿﻤﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﺼﺼﯽ در اﯾﻦ ﺧﺼﻮص ﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد.

Wastewater reuse is considered as one of the important tools in the field of water resources management and environmental protection, the need to use it with increasing population is becoming more prominent day by day. This can be examined from different aspects and in addition to health and technical aspects, it also has various legal aspects that have direct and indirect effects on wastewater management and complicate the presentation of the pattern of use of these renewable resources. The main issue is that wastewater reuse, which may pose risks to public health and the environment, is based on legal principles? an‎d if the reuse leads to hazard to people and the environment, how and on what basis is the relevant civil liability explained? Is this liability based on fault? o‎r should modern systems use pure or absolute responsibility in this regard? The current study tries to examine some of the most important jurisprudential and legal considerations arising from wastewater reuse with an analytical-descriptive method and based on the library process, and finally concludes that the reuse should be done with the principle of precaution and harmlessness. But if it leads to damages, the faultbased system cannot compensate for the damages due to the difficulties it has in the proof process. Therefore, the use of pure / absolute liability system and the promotion of specialized insurance in this regard are recommended