تعهدات زيست محيطي دولت‌ها در سفرهاي گردشگري فضايي

The Environmental Duties of States in Space Tourism

ﭼﮑﯿﺪه اﻣﺮوزه ﺑﺎ ﮔﺴﺘﺮش و ﺗﻨﻮع ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻓﻀﺎﯾﯽ، ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺑﯽروﯾﻪ زﺑﺎﻟﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻓﻀﺎﯾﯽ و آﻟﻮدﮔﯽ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﻮاﺟﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﯿﻢ. ازﻃﺮﻓﯽ ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻔﺮﻫﺎي ﮔﺮدﺷﮕﺮي ﻓﻀﺎﯾﯽ و ﺣﻀﻮر اﻧﺴﺎن در ﻓﻀﺎ، اﺣﺘﻤﺎل آﻟﻮدﮔﯽ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ ﻓﻀﺎ و ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ زﻣﯿﻦ زﯾﺎدﺗﺮ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد. از ﻫﻤﯿﻦ رو ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺗﻌﻬﺪات و ﻣﺴﻮوﻟﯿﺖ زﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ دوﻟﺖ ﻣﺘﺒﻮع ﻧﻬﺎدﻫﺎي ﻣﺠﺮي ﺳﻔﺮﻫﺎي ﮔﺮدﺷﮕﺮي ﻓﻀﺎﯾﯽ اﻟﺰاﻣﯽ اﺳﺖ. اﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﻋﻬﺪﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻓﻀﺎي ﻣﺎوراي ﺟﻮ )1967( و ﮐﻨﻮاﻧﺴﯿﻮن ﻣﺴﻮوﻟﯿﺖ )1972(، ﻧﻈﺎم ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮل و ﺟﺎﻣﻌﯽ را ﺑﺮاي اﺣﺮاز ﺗﻌﻬﺪات ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ دوﻟﺖ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﻗﺮار ﻧﻤﻮدﻫﺎﻧﺪ، اﻣﺎ ﻫﻨﻮز ﻧﮑﺎت ﻣﺒﻬﻤﯽ درﺑﺎره ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ از ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ ﻓﻀﺎ و زﻣﯿﻦ وﺟﻮد دارﻧﺪ. ﭼﻮن ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻓﻀﺎﯾﯽ و ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﺎﯾﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮات زﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ اﺻﻼح ﻧﺸﺪه اﻧﺪ، ﻫﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﻓﻀﺎﯾﯽ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺳﻔﺮﻫﺎي ﮔﺮدﺷﮕﺮي ﻓﻀﺎﯾﯽ را ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﮑﻞ ﻣﻮاﺟﻪ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ. اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻬﺮه ﻣﻨﺪي از روش ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ- ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﭘﺮﺳﺶ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻌﻬﺪات زﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ دوﻟﺖ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻀﻤﯿﻦ اﻣﻨﯿﺖ و اﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺳﻔﺮﻫﺎي ﮔﺮدﺷﮕﺮي ﻓﻀﺎﯾﯽ ﭼﯿﺴﺖ؟ ﻫﺪف اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ اراﯾﻪ راﻫﮑﺎرﻫﺎي ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮي از آﻟﻮدﮔﯽ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ ﻓﻀﺎ و زﻣﯿﻦ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻨﺎد ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﻮوﻟﯿﺖ دوﻟﺖ ﻫﺎ در ﻗﺒﺎل ﺳﻔﺮﻫﺎي ﮔﺮدﺷﮕﺮي ﻓﻀﺎﯾﯽ و ﭘﯿﺸﮕﯿﺮي از ارﺗﮑﺎب ﺟﺮاﯾﻢ زﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ اﺳﺖ.

Nowadays we are confronting with development of different kinds of space activities, the increase of space debris and pollution of the environment of outer space and the Earth due to space tourism. The other thing is that with the increase of the human intentions to space tourism, we can confront with more pollution of outer space. Therefore, studying the environmental duties and responsibilities of states who are the executer of space tourism is inevitable. Not with standing that outer space treaty and liability convention establishing comprehensive and acceptable rules for identification of states international duties, but there are some ambiguous points about protecting the environment of space. As these documents did not develop or revised with the development of this technology during these years specially the environmental pollution of space activities and space tourism. This article by using the descriptive- analytical method of research is about to answer this question that what is the environmental duties of states for safeguarding of space tourism? The aim of this article is giving some legal solution for prevention of the Earth and outer space pollution by quoting responsibilities of states with respect to space tourism and preventing from committing the environmental crimes thereof.