آلودگي صوتي در محيط هاي شهري و تأثير راهكارهاي مديريتي ترافيك بر محيط زيست شهري (مطالعه موردي: منطقه شش شهرداري تهران)

Noise Pollution in Urban Areas and the Effect of Traffic Management Procedures on Urban Environment (Case Study: 6th Region of Tehran Municipal)

زﻣﯿﻨﻪ و ﻫﺪف: آﻟﻮدﮔﯽ ﺻﻮﺗﯽ ﯾﮑﯽ از ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﯾﻦ آﻻﯾﻨﺪهﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﯿﻂزﯾﺴﺖ در ﻧﻮاﺣﯽ ﺷﻬﺮي اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ آن ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺮدن ﺳﻄﺢ ﮐﯿﻔﯽ زﻧﺪﮔﯽ و ﮐﻢ ﮐﺮدن اﺛﺮات آن ﺑﺮ ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﺷﻬﺮوﻧﺪان، ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﯾﮑﯽ از ﻣﻌﻀﻼت زﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ ﺷﻬﺮي ﺑﺮ ﻫﻤﮕﺎن آﺷﮑﺎر اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺰرگ-ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ آﻟﻮدﮔﯽ ﺻﻮﺗﯽ ﮐﻼنﺷﻬﺮي ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﻬﺮان، ﺗﺮاﻓﯿﮏ ﺷﻬﺮي و ﺧﻮدروﻫﺎ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺷﺶ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﻬﺮان آﻟﻮدهﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ از ﻟﺤﺎظ آﻟﻮدﮔﯽ ﺻﻮﺗﯽ اﺳﺖ، ﻟﺬا ﺑﺰرﮔﺮاه ﮐﺮدﺳﺘﺎن ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ داﺷﺘﻦ دﯾﻮاره ﺻﻮﺗﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮل 511 ﻣﺘﺮ و ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ 3066 ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ در ﺣﺎﺷﯿﻪي ﻏﺮﺑﯽ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺰرﮔﺮاه داراي دﯾﻮاره ﺻﻮﺗﯽ در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ اﺳﺖ، ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﻫﺪف ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪ. روش ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ: ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت اﺟﺮاﯾﯽ و اﺣﺪاث دﯾﻮاره ﺻﻮﺗﯽ اﯾﻦ ﺑﺰرﮔﺮاه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ اداره ﮐﻞ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽ و اﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺗﺮاﻓﯿﮏ در ﺳﺎل 1390 و ﻗﺒﻞ از ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ وﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺑﺰرﮔﺮاه ﮐﺮدﺳﺘﺎن- ﺷﻬﯿﺪ ﮔﻤﻨﺎم، از ﻧﻮع ﻫﻢﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﻪ ﻏﯿﺮﻫﻢﺳﻄﺢ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﻟﺬا ﭘﺲ از اﯾﺠﺎد ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ در ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ وﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﺗﺮاﻓﯿﮑﯽ ﺑﺰرﮔﺮاه دﭼﺎر ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮاﺗﯽ ﺷﺪه و در ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ وﺿﻌﯿﺖ آﻟﻮدﮔﯽ ﺻﻮﺗﯽ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﮐﺮده اﺳﺖ. در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺳﻌﯽ ﺷﺪ ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﮐﻠﯽ وﺿﻌﯿﺖ آﻟﻮدﮔﯽ ﺻﻮﺗﯽ، ﻧﻘﺸﻪﻫﺎي ﺻﻮﺗﯽ ﺑﺰرﮔﺮاه در وﺿﻌﯿﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ، ﻣﯿﺰان ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮﮔﺬاري ﻧﻮع ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺑﺮ آﻟﻮدﮔﯽ ﺻﻮﺗﯽ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺴﮑﻮﻧﯽ ﻣﺠﺎور و ﻧﻘﺶ ﮐﺎﻫﻨﺪهي دﯾﻮاره ﺻﻮﺗﯽ ﺑﺎ وﺟﻮد ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻏﯿﺮﻫﻢﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺪلﺳﺎزي ﺷﻮد. ﺟﻬﺖ اﻧﺠﺎم اﯾﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻧﺮماﻓﺰار ﻣﺪﻟﺴﺎز Sound plan، دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﺻﻮتﺳﻨﺞ و اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﺗﺮاﻓﯿﮑﯽ ﺑﺰرﮔﺮاه ﺑﻪﮐﺎر رﻓﺘﻪ، ﻣﻮاﻧﻊ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎنﻫﺎي اﻃﺮاف ﺑﺰرﮔﺮاه، ﻓﻀﺎي ﺳﺒﺰ و ﻏﯿﺮه ﻧﯿﺰ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﺮماﻓﺰار ﻣﺪﻟﺴﺎز ﭘﺮدازش ﺷﺪه و از ﻧﺮماﻓﺰارﻫﺎي Auto CAD و Arc GIS ﻧﯿﺰ در ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﻣﺪل اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ: ﻧﻘﺸﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺪﻟﺴﺎزي ﺷﺪه ﭘﺲ از ﺗﻬﯿﻪ ﺷﺪن در ﭼﻬﺎر دﺳﺘﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ و دﻟﯿﻞ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ و ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺻﺪا در ﻫﺮ وﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﺑﯿﺎن ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. ﺑﺤﺚ و ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﮔﯿﺮي: ﭘﺲ از ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﺎت اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺬف ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻫﻢﺳﻄﺢ داراي ﭼﺮاغ ﺗﺮاﻓﯿﮑﯽ ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺻﺪا در ارﺗﻔﺎع 1/7 ﻣﺘﺮي، ﺗﺮاﻓﯿﮏ وﺳﺎﯾﻞ ﻧﻘﻠﯿﻪ ﻧﯿﺰ روانﺗﺮ ﺷﺪه و ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ ﺗﺮازﻫﺎي ﺻﻮﺗﯽ در ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ، ﺑﻪ دﻟﯿﻞ وﺟﻮد ﺳﻄﻮح ﺷﯿﺐ-دار روزﮔﺬر و زﯾﺮﮔﺬر، در ﮐﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﮐﺰ آﻟﻮدﮔﯽ ﺻﻮﺗﯽ در ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎت ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ و ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﻣﺜﺒﺖ دﯾﻮاره ﺻﻮﺗﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ اﻧﺪﮐﯽ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ و در ﭘﺎﯾﺎن ﻧﯿﺰ راﻫﮑﺎرﻫﺎي ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺘﯽ ﻣﺤﯿﻂزﯾﺴﺖ ﺟﻬﺖ ﮐﻨﺘﺮل ﺑﯿﺶﺗﺮ آﻟﻮدﮔﯽ ﺻﻮﺗﯽ اراﺋﻪ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ.

Background and Objective: Noise pollution is one of the most important pollutants of the environment in urban areas and it is evident for everyone that one of the environmental problems is to reduce noise pollution to increase life quality and decrease its effect on citizens' health. The city traffic and vehicles are the major sources of noise pollution in large cities especially Tehran. Region 6 of Tehran is the most polluted area in terms of noise pollution. Therefore, a noise barrier in length of 511m and an area of 3066m which is situated in the western margin of Kurdistan highway and it is the only highway with the noise barrier in this region. This highway was chosen as our case study. Method: Feasibility studies and construction of noise barrier of the highway was implemented before changing the intersection of Kurdistan-Gomnam highway from coplanar to non-coplanar type. But the traffic and noise pollution situation changed following the changing of the intersection of the highway. In this study, we attempted to model noise pollution situation of region and the reducer role of noise barrier given the non-coplanar intersection in addition to overview of noise pollution situation of region by the traffic data of three streets leading to intersection and mean sound level at some points and examine improvement and or deterioration level of environment noise pollution. Findings: The modeled maps were compared in four groups after being prepared and the reason for the increase and decrease of the noise level in each situation was stated. Discussion and Conclusion: After comparing it was found that by eliminating the cross-level intersection with traffic lights in addition to lowering the noise level at 1.7 m height, the vehicle traffic was also smoother and by distributing acoustic levels at different altitudes, due to the presence of Slope levels of overpass and overpass decreased overall noise pollution concentration at lower altitudes, and positive performance of the audio wall decreased slightly, and environmental management strategies were introduced to control noise pollution further.