بررسي اثر هزينه ناشي از آلودگي‌هاي زيست‌محيطي بر روي كارايي (مطالعه موردي: مناطق اقتصادي كشور چين)

Evaluating the Effect of Cost of Environmental Pollution on Efficiency (Case study: China's economic zones)

زﻣﯿﻨﻪ و ﻫﺪف: روش ﻫﺎي ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦ و ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ اﻧﺮژي، از ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﮐﻨﻨﺪه در آﻟﻮده ﮐﺮدن ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. در روﻧﺪ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮي ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﭘﺎﯾﺪار، ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ آﺳﯿﺐ ﻫﺎي زﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ اﻣﺮي ﻣﻬﻢ اﺳﺖ. در اﯾﻦ راﺳﺘﺎ، ﺑﺮآورد ﮐﺎراﯾﯽ زﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﻫﺪف در اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ، ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ اﺛﺮات زﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ روي ﻣﻘﺪار ﮐﺎراﯾﯽ اﺳﺖ. ﺻﻨﺎﯾﻊ و ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ اﯾﺠﺎد آﻟﻮدﮔﯽ زﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﯾﯽ را ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺗﺤﻤﯿﻞ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ در اﮐﺜﺮ ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ اﯾﻦ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ در ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﮐﺎراﯾﯽ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻧﻤﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ. در اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺳﻌﯽ ﺑﺮ اﯾﻦ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﭘﻮﺷﺸﯽ داده ﻫﺎي دوﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ اي و ﺑﺎ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ آﻟﻮدﮔﯽ ﻫﺎي زﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ، ﻣﺪﻟﯽ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺟﻬﺖ ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﮐﺎراﯾﯽ اراﺋﻪ ﺷﻮد. ﺑﻌﻼوه ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ و ﺑﺤﺚ ﺑﺮ روي ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ازدﺳﺖ رﻓﺘﻪ ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از اﻋﻤﺎل ﻣﺤﺪودﯾﺖ ﻫﺎي زﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ ﺑﺮ روي ﺧﺮوﺟﯽ ﻫﺎي ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮب ﻧﯿﺰ ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. روش ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ: روش ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ-ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ اﺳﺖ. از ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﭘﻮﺷﺸﯽ داده ﻫﺎي دوﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ اي ﺑﺮاي ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﮐﺎراﯾﯽ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. اﺑﺘﺪا ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ، ﻣﺤﺪودﯾﺖ ﻫﺎي زﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ اﯾﺠﺎد و ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪل اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ. ﻣﺪل ﻫﺎي رﯾﺎﺿﯽ اراﺋﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﺮم اﻓﺰار GAMS ﺣﻞ ﺷﺪه و ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ ﮐﺎراﯾﯽ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ: ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺣﺎﮐﯽ از اﯾﻦ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ ﮐﺎراﯾﯽ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺪل ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ زﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ از ﻣﺪل ﺑﺪون ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ زﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ اﺳﺖ؛ اﯾﻦ اﻣﺮ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽ دﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ اﻋﻤﺎل ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ زﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ ﺑﺮ روي ﺧﺮوﺟﯽ ﻫﺎي ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮب، ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ از دﺳﺖ رﻓﺘﻦ ﺗﻌﺪادي از ﺧﺮوﺟﯽ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻄﻠﻮب و درﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﺑﺨﺸﯽ از ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد. اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ 20 ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﭼﯿﻦ را در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ و ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ ﮐﺎراﯾﯽ و ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ازدﺳﺖ رﻓﺘﻪ را ﺑﺮاي آن ﻫﺎ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﮐﺮده اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺤﺚ و ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﮔﯿﺮي: ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽ دﻫﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ Guizhou و Guangdong، ﻣﻘﺪار ﮐﺎراﯾﯽ در ﻫﺮ دو ﺣﺎﻟﺖ )ﺑﺎ و ﺑﺪون ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ زﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ( ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﻨﺪه ي اﯾﻦ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ روي ﻣﺮز ﮐﺎراﯾﯽ ﻗﺮار دارﻧﺪ. ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ازدﺳﺖ رﻓﺘﻪ در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺻﻔﺮ اﺳﺖ. در ﺻﻮرﺗﯿﮑﻪ در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻘﯽ ﻧﻈﯿﺮ Shaanxi و Liaoning اﯾﻦ اﺧﺘﻼف ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﻨﺪه اﯾﻦ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي اﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺑﺮاي ﯾﮏ دوره ﻃﻮﻻﻧﯽ، واﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺼﺮف ﻣﺪاوم ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ و اﯾﻦ اﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ در آن ﻫﺎ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ.

Background and Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the environmental impacts on the value of efficiency. Industries and companies making environmental pollution, bring costs to the community, which in the most cases are not taken into account for measuring efficiency. This study has attempted to find a proper model for evaluating efficiency using the two-stage data envelopment analysis, considering the costs of environmental pollution. Cost loss resulted from applying environmental constraints on undesirable outputs, are also discussed and calculated. Method: An analytical-descriptive method is utilized in this study. Two-stage data envelopment analysis has been used here to measure efficiency. At first, environmental constraints have been made up with respect to the problem and then added to the model. The proposed mathematical models are solved using the GAMS software and the values of efficiency are obtained. Findings: Results show that the model with environmental regulations has a lower efficiency value compared to the model without environmental regulation, indicating that applying environmental regulations on undesirable outputs, leads to losing some of desirable outputs and consequently some cost. The study involves 20 economic zones of China whose efficiency and cost loss are calculated. Discussion and Conclusion: The results show that in Guizhou and Guangdong regions, the efficiency is the same in both cases, indicating that these areas are on the edge of efficiency. The cost loss in these areas is zero. However, in areas such as Shaanxi and Liaoning, the difference is greater, indicating that for a long period of time, the economic development of these areas has been dependent on constant consumption of resources, which has caused reduced environmental quality.