تأثير ابعاد زيست محيطي تغييرات اقليمي بر امنيت ملي

Environmental Impact of Climate Change on National Security

ﺑﺎ وﺟﻮد اﯾﻦ ﮐﻪ اﺛﺮات ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات آب و ﻫﻮاﯾﯽ ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ زﻧﺪﮔﯽ در ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺰرﮔﯽ از ﺟﻬﺎن را ﺗﻬﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ، ﮔﺮوه ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﮐﻨﺸﮕﺮان در ﺑﻬﺒﻮد رژﯾﻢ آب و ﻫﻮاﯾﯽ ﻧﺎﮐﺎم ﻣﺎﻧﺪه اﻧﺪ. اﯾﻦ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ آن دﺳﺘﻪ از ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ از ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات آب و ﻫﻮاﯾﯽ آﺳﯿﺐ ﻣﯽﺑﯿﻨﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﻪ دﻧﺒﺎل راه ﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﻬﺒﻮد رژﯾﻢ آب و ﻫﻮاﯾﯽ ﻫﻢ از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ روﺷﻬﺎي ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ و ﻫﻢ ﺳﺎﯾﺮ روﺷﻬﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ رﺳﻤﯽ، ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻧﺪن ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات آب و ﻫﻮاﯾﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﯾﮏ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ اﻣﻨﯿﺘﯽ و ﻣﺸﮑﻞ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺘﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ آب و ﻫﻮا و ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺿﺮﯾﺐ ﺗﻬﺪﯾﺪ اﻣﻨﯿﺖ ﺑﺸﺮي ﻣﻄﺮح ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد، ﭼﺮاﮐﻪ ﮐﻤﺒﻮد ﻣﻮاد ﻏﺬاﯾﯽ و ﮐﻤﺒﻮد آب، ﺗﺨﺮﯾﺐ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ، ﻓﻘﺮ، ﮔﺴﺘﺮس ﺑﯿﻤﺎري، ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮت ﺗﻮدهاي را اﯾﺠﺎد ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺮ ﮐﺪام ازاﯾﻦ ﻫﺎ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﻪ اﻣﻨﯿﺖ ﻣﻠﯽ ﺧﺪﺷﻪ وارد و ﺑﻪ ﺳﻨﺎرﯾﻮ دوﻟﺖ ﺷﮑﺴﺖ ﺧﻮرده ﮐﻤﮏ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ. در ﻋﺮﺻﻪ داﺧﻠﯽ و در ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ اﻣﻨﯿﺖ دوﻟﺖ ﻣﺪرن، زﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻣﯽ ﯾﺎﺑﺪ ﮐﻪ داراي ﻗﺪرت ﺑﺮﺗﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ در اﯾﻨﺼﻮرت، ﺣﺘﯽ اﮔﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻘﺪان ﺗﻬﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻮاﺟﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ، ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪاي ﻧﺎاﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻘﯽ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد. در ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎن ﻣﺪرن اﻣﻨﯿﺖ ﻣﻠﯽ، ﺷﺎﻫﺪ اﻓﺰوده ﺷﺪن وﺟﻪ ﻧﺮم اﻓﺰاري اﻣﻨﯿﺖ ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ وﺟﻪ ﺳﺨﺖ اﻓﺰاري آن ﻫﺴﺘﯿﻢ. در ﭘﯽ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻣﻨﯿﺖ و ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎً ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻃﯿﻒ ﺗﻬﺪﯾﺪات ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ اﻣﻨﯿﺖ ﻣﻠﯽ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﺪان ﺑﺮآﻣﺪﻧﺪ و ﻣﺪﻋﯽ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻬﺪﯾﺪات ﻏﯿﺮ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﻬﺪﯾﺪات زﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ و اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﺑﻪ ﺧﻮد ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازه ﺗﻬﺪﯾﺪات ﻧﻈﺎﻣﯽ ﺟﺪي ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ و ﻟﺬا اﯾﻦ ﺗﻬﺪﯾﺪات ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺗﻬﺪﯾﺪات اﻣﻨﯿﺘﯽ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ. در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺳﻌﯽ ﺑﺮآن ﺑﻮده ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻞ ﺑﻪ روﯾﮑﺮد ﻣﯿﺎن رﺷﺘﻪاي، ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ از ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﺑﻌﺎد زﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات اﻗﻠﯿﻤﯽ ﺑﺮ اﻣﻨﯿﺖ ﻣﻠﯽ از ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﺣﻘﻮق ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ اراﺋﻪ ﮔﺮدد.

Although the effects of climate change are threatening to the living conditions of a large part of the world, different groups of activists have failed to improve the climate regime. It is natural that those countries which are more vulnerable to climate change should find some ways to improve the climate by using both legal methods and other less formal methods such as identifying climate change as a security and environmental problem. Climate change and global warming are regarded as two factors, which play a significant role in threatening human security since food shortages, water scarcity, environmental degradation, poverty, disease outbreaks, and mass migration can separately lead to national security, which will undermine and contribute to the failed government scenario. In the domestic and global arena, the security of the modern government becomes meaningful with respect to superior power, and the society is considered insecure even if it faces with a lack of threats. In the modern national security discourse, we see an increase in security software, in addition to its hardware. In the wake of the development of the concept of security, especially the development of a range of national security threats, critics have suggested that civilian threats such as economic and environmental threats can, in turn, be as serious as military threats. Therefore, these threats should be considered as security threats. This article tries to provide an analysis of the impact of environmental dimensions of climate change on national security from the perspective of international environmental law, using an interdisciplinary approach