اثرات مخرب كودهاي شيميايي بر طبيعت و موجودات زنده

The Destructive Effects of Chemical Fertilizers on Nature and Living Organisms

رﺷﺪ ﺳﺮﯾﻊ ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖ، ﻧﯿﺎز ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪات ﮐﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻮاد ﻏﺬاﯾﯽ را اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ داده و زﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖﻫﺎي ﮐﺸﺎورزي را ﻓـﺮاﻫﻢ ﮐﺮده اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺪود ﺑﻮدن زﻣﯿﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ ﮐﺸﺖ، ﻧﯿﺎز روز اﻓﺰون ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮاد ﻏﺬاﯾﯽ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ دﺳﺘﯿﺎﺑﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪاﮐﺜﺮ ﺑﻬﺮهوري در واﺣﺪ ﺳﻄﺢ و اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل اﻣﮑﺎنﭘﺬﯾﺮ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد. ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد ﮐﻮدﻫﺎي ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ و آﻓﺖﮐﺶﻫﺎ و ﻫـﻢﭼﻨـﯿﻦ آﺑﯿـﺎري از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ روشﻫﺎي ﻣﺆﺛﺮ در ﺟﻬﺖ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ و ﺑﻬﺮهوري ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻟﺎت ﮐﺸﺎورزي ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ در اﯾﻦ ﻣﯿـﺎن، اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده از ﮐﻮدﻫـﺎي ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﻫﻤﻮاره ﯾﮑﯽ از اوﻟﻮﯾﺖﻫﺎي ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﻣﻬﻢ در ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖﻫﺎي ﮐﺸﺎورزي ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎن اﯾـﻦ ﻣﺤﺼـﻮﻟﺎت ﺑـﻮده اﺳـﺖ. ﮐﺸﺎورزان ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد اﯾﻦ ﻧﻬﺎدهﻫﺎي ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ را ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﻣﺤﺼﻮل، ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﺣﺎﺻﻠﺨﯿﺰي ﺧﺎك و اﻓـﺰاﯾﺶ درآﻣـﺪ ﺧـﻮد ﻣﯽداﻧﻨﺪ. ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت اﺧﯿﺮ ﻧﺸﺎن دادهاﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺼﺮف ﺑﯿﺶ از اﻧﺪازه و ﺑﯽﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﮐﻮدﻫﺎ اﺛﺮات ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮب ﻣﺘﻌﺪدي ﺑـﺮ ﻣﺤﯿﻂزﯾﺴـﺖ و ﺳﻠﺎﻣﺖ اﻧﺴﺎن دارد. از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ اﯾﻦ اﺛﺮات ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮ و ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎﯾﯽ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت ﻟﺎﯾـﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﺧـﺎك، آﻟـﻮدﮔﯽ آبﻫـﺎي زﯾﺮزﻣﯿﻨﯽ و ﺳﻄﺤﯽ، ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ و ﻧﯿﺘﺮات، اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺧﻮراك ﺗﺎﻟﺎبﻫﺎ، آﻟﻮدﮔﯽ ﻫﻮا و ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي ﻧﯿﺘﺮوژن، ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮر و ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪاي، ﮔﺮم ﺷﺪن زﻣﯿﻦ، از ﺑﯿﻦ رﻓﺘﻦ ﻟﺎﯾﻪ ازن و اﺳﯿﺪي ﺷﺪن ﺑﺎران و ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﻣﻮاد ﺷـﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ در ﺑﺎﻓﺖﻫـﺎي ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ، ﺟﺎﻧﻮري و اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ اﺷﺎره ﮐﺮد. ﻫﺪف از اﯾﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻧﻤﻮدن اﺛﺮات ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ و زﯾﺴﺘﯽ ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از ﮐـﺎرﺑﺮد ﻧﺎدرﺳـﺖ ﮐﻮدﻫﺎي ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ و اراﺋﻪ راﻫﮑﺎر ﻋﻤﻠﯽ در ﺟﻬﺖ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﺼﺮف و آﻟﻮدﮔﯽﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﯿﻄﺰﯾﺴﺘﯽ اﺳﺖ.

Rapid population growth has increased the need for agricultural and food products and paved the way for the development of agricultural activities. Due to the limited land for cultivation, the increasing need for food will be possible only by achieving maximum productivity per unit area and increasing crop quality. The use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides as well as irrigation are among the effective methods to increase the productivity of agricultural products, among which, the use of chemical fertilizers has always been one of the most important priorities in improving the agricultural activities of producers. Farmers consider the use of these chemical inputs to increase crop yield, improve soil fertility and increase their income. Recent studies have shown that excessive and untimely use of fertilizers has several adverse effects on the environment and human health. These effects include leaching and displacement of compounds in different soil layers, groundwater and surface water pollution, accumulation of heavy metals and nitrates, increased wetland feed, air pollution and accumulation of nitrogen gases, sulfur and greenhouse gas emissions, global warming, and extinction. He noted the ozone layer and the acidification of rain and the accumulation of chemicals in plant, animal and human tissues. The purpose of this study is to identify the environmental and biological effects of improper use of chemical fertilizers and to provide a practical solution to reduce consumption and environmental pollution.