كليدواژه :
پاسكال , دكارت , عقل , عقل گرايي , ايمان گرايي , دين , قلب
چكيده فارسي :
پاسكال بنيان نهايي يقين را كه همه چيز مبتني بر آن است. اين بنيان «خداي زنده»، يعني كتاب مقدس است كه در مسيح آشكار شد آيا چنين ادعايي درست است؟ در اين صورت آيا او را بايد «فيلسوف دين» ناميد؟ او مي‌گويد از طريق عقل و استدلال نمي‌توان حقيقت را يافت. چنان دكارت اين راه را رفت ولي به نتيجه نرسيد. معمولاً پاسكال را در زمرة عقل‌گرايان شناخته‌اند اما آن‌طور كه مقاله در صدد اثبات آن است، او يك «ايمان‌گرا» است ولي ايمان او «عقلي» نيست بلكه «ايمان قلبي» است. منابعي كه قلب را به «دل» برگردانده‌اند، در اشتباه‌اند. مقالة حاضر، موضوع دين و «ايمان قلبي» از منظر پاسكال؛ و نيز منطق و روشي را كه او با استفاده از آن به اين گونه «ايمان» و «فهم دين» نائل آمده، مورد بررسي قرار داده است؛ و در پاره‌اي موارد مهم، ديدگاه پاسكال با دكارت نيز مقايسه مي‌شود.
چكيده لاتين :
Among the famous thinkers who lived in the seventeenth century after Descartes (1596- 1650), one is Blaise Pascal (1623- 1662), and the other is Nicolas Malebranche (1638- 1715). All the three are reckoned among French rationalist thinkers. There are some similarities between Descartes and Pascal. They are both philosophers, mathematicians and of Catholic denomination, but they represent two different lines of thought.
Pascal starts, strictly speaking, from experience. Pascal does not simply accept the authority of reason, and he says that if reason were the ultimate authority, rationality would certainly be sufficient in itself and there would be no need for revelation, but rationality has not yet found a universally accepted truth.
Pascal's logic is neither Aristotelian nor Cartesian, rather his logic is the "logic of the heart" in which the primordial human nature, that is, inner intuition, must be distinguished from reason.
In contrast to Descartes' famous dictum "Cogito ergo sum" (I think, therefore I am), Pascal stipulates "Credo ergo sum?" (I believe, therefor I exist?), where "thought" is supplanted by "belief". Of course, in Pascal's philosophical system, "thought is the basis of human glory and grandeur"; and the foundation of ethics in his philosophy consists in thinking and acting in the right way, therefore he seeks all the human virtues in human thought.
He maintains that truth cannot be found and truly believed in through reason. Descartes with his methodic doubt and his clear and distinct ideas reached only "conceptual certainty" but he never delved into the reality of faith.
