پديد آورندگان :
فريدي، ساسان داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ و ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺘﯽ درﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﺗﻬﺮان - ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت آﻟﻮدﮔﯽ ﻫﻮا - ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮑﺪه ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ , هاشمي، نيلوفر داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﮐﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﺧﻮزﺳﺘﺎن - ﮔﺮوه ﺗﺮوﯾﺞ و آﻣﻮزش ﮐﺸﺎورزي , قباديان، ساسان داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻼﻣﻪ ﻃﺒﺎﻃﺒﺎﯾﯽ ﺗﻬﺮان - داﻧﺸﮑﺪه ﻋﻠﻮم اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ , ذكايي، محمدسعيد داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻣﻼﯾﺮ - داﻧﺸﮑﺪه ﻋﻤﺮان و ﻣﻌﻤﺎري
چكيده فارسي :
زﻣﯿﻨﻪ و ﻫﺪف: ﻃﻮﻓﺎن ﺷﻦ و ﮔﺮد و ﻏﺒﺎر ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﻌﻤﻮل در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺧﺸﮏ و ﻧﯿﻤﻪﺧﺸﮏ اﺗﻔﺎق ﻣﯽاﻓﺘﺪ. اﯾﻦ ﭘﺪﯾﺪه در ﮐﺸﻮر اﯾﺮان در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻏﺮﺑﯽ، ﺟﻨﻮب ﻏﺮﺑﯽ و ﻣﺮﮐﺰي، ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ در ﻓﺼﻞ ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻪ ﺗـﺎﮐﻨﻮن ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ اﯾﻦ ﭘﺪﯾﺪه ﺑﺮ ﺳﻼﻣﺘﯽ اﻧﺴﺎن، زﻣﯿﻦﻫﺎي ﮐﺸﺎورزي، ﺻﻨﻌﺖ، زﯾﺮﺳﺎﺧﺖﻫـﺎ و ﺑﺨـﺶ ﺣﻤـﻞ و ﻧﻘـﻞ اﺛﺮﮔـﺬار اﺳﺖ. ﻫﺪف ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ اﺛﺮات اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﭘﺪﯾﺪه ﮔﺮد و ﻏﺒﺎر ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
روش ﮐﺎر: ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﯾﮏ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ از ﻧﻮع ﮐﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ اي و ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ اﺳﺖ. در اﺑﺘﺪا ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻫﺎ و ﮔﺰارشﻫـﺎي اراﺋـﻪ ﺷـﺪه در ﭘﺎﯾﮕﺎه ﻫـﺎي داده ﻣﻌﺘﺒـﺮ ﻓﺎرﺳـﯽ ) Magiran ،Civilica و SID( و اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴـﯽ از ﻗﺒﯿـﻞ Embase ،Scopus ،Web of Science،PubMed و Google scholar درﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﺪه و ﺑﺼﻮرت ﻣﺠﺰا ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ.
ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ: ﭘﺪﯾﺪه ﮔﺮد و ﻏﺒﺎر ﻣﺤﺪوده ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﮔﺴﺘﺮدهاي را در ﺑﺮ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮد، در واﻗﻊ در ﺗﻤﺎﻣﯽ ﻧﻘﺎط ﺟﻬﺎن اﺗﻔﺎق ﻣﯽاﻓﺘـﺪ و ﯾﮏ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﯽآﯾﺪ. در ﻃﯽ وﻗﻮع ﭘﺪﯾﺪه ﮔﺮد و ﻏﺒﺎر، ﻏﻠﻈﺖ آﻻﯾﻨﺪهﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﭘﯿﺪا ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﮐﻠﯽ اﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ، ﺑﯿﻮﺳﻔﺮ، ﻫﯿﺪروﺳﻔﺮ و ﺗﺮوﭘﻮﺳﻔﺮ را ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﻗﺮار داده و آﺛﺎر ﺑﺴﯿﺎر زﯾﺎدي ﺑﻪدﻧﺒﺎل دارد. ﻃﻮﻓﺎن ﺷﻦ و ﮔﺮد و ﻏﺒﺎر، اﺛﺮات ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺘﯽ، ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺘﯽ و اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي - اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﮔﺴﺘﺮده اي را ﺑﻪ دﻧﺒﺎل ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ داﺷﺖ ﮐـﻪ ﺑﺼـﻮرت ﺣﻠﻘﻪﻫﺎي زﻧﺠﯿﺮ، ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻮده و در ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ ﻫﺮ ﯾﮏ از اﯾﻦ اﺛﺮات، ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﻌﺎت اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺟﺒـﺮان ﻧﺎﭘـﺬﯾﺮي، ﻣـﯽ اﻧﺠﺎﻣﻨـﺪ. ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ، ﭘﺪﯾﺪه ﮔﺮد و ﻏﺒﺎر، داراي اﺛﺮات اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﮔﺴﺘﺮده اي از ﻗﺒﯿﻞ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺻﺎدرات ﻧﻘﺖ، ﺗﺎﺧﯿﺮ در ﺳـﻔﺮﻫﺎي ﻫـﻮاﯾﯽ، اﺧـﺘﻼل در ﺣﻤﻞ و ﻧﻘﻞ ﺟﺎده اي، اﺛﺮات ﻣﺨﺮب ﺑﺮ ﮐﺸﺎورزي )زراﻋﺖ و ﺑﺎﻏﺒﺎﻧﯽ(، ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﺎت ﺟﺎده اي، ﺧﺴﺎرت ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎده، ﺗﻌﻄﯿﻠﯽ ﻣـﺪارس، ﻟﻮازم ﻣﻨﺰل، ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰات اﻟﮑﺘﺮوﻧﯿﮑﯽ، ﺗﺎﺑﻠﻮﻫﺎي ﺗﺒﻠﯿﻐﺎﺗﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ، ﮐﺎﻧﺎلﻫﺎي آﺑﯿﺎري، ﻧﯿﺮوﮔﺎه ﻫﺎي ﺑﺮق وﺳﻼﻣﺘﯽ ﻣﺮدم اﺳﺖ. ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪﮔﯿﺮي: ﭘﺪﯾﺪه ﮔﺮد و ﻏﺒﺎر را ﻧﺒﺎﯾﺪ و ﻧﻤﯽﺗﻮان ﻓﻘﻂ ﯾﮏ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺘﯽ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ، ﺑﻠﮑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﭘﺪﯾﺪه ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺗﺒﻌﺎت ﺑﺴﯿﺎر زﯾﺎد اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮاي زﯾﺮﺳﺎﺧﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ و ﮐﺸﻮر دارد ﺑﺎﯾﺴﺘﯿﺒﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﯾﮏ دﻏﺪﻏﻪ ﻣﻠـﯽ و ﺑـﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد و ﺑﺮاي ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﺒﻌﺎت آن ﻧﯿﺎز ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاﻫﯽ ﺑﺴﯿﺎري از ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﺎي اﺟﺮاﯾﯽ ﮐﺸـﻮر ﻣـﯽ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ. ﺑـﺮاي ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ اﻧﺴﺎنﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﭘﺪﯾﺪه ﮔﺮد و ﻏﺒﺎر، ﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎد اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑـﺮ ارزﯾـﺎﺑﯽ ﻫـﺎ و اﺳـﺘﺮاﺗﮋي ﻫـﺎي ﯾﮑﭙﺎرﭼـﻪ اي اﺳـﺖ ﮐـﻪ ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ ﭘﺎﯾﺪار آب و زﻣﯿﻦ را در ﻣﺰارع، ﻣﺮاﺗﻊ، ﺑﯿﺎﺑﺎنﻫﺎ و ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺷﻬﺮي، ﺑﺎ وﺟﻮد ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات اﻗﻠﯿﻤﯽ، ارﺗﻘﺎ ﻣﯽﺑﺨﺸﻨﺪ. واژه
چكيده لاتين :
Dust storm typically occurs in arid and semi-arid regions. This
phenomenon is more visible across the western, southwestern and central regions of Iran in
the summertime. Previously conducted studies have reported that this phenomenon affects
human health, agriculture, industry, infrastructure and transportation. The aim of this study is
to investigate the economic effects of dust storms.
Methods: The present study is a descriptive investigation. The available articles and reports in
valid Persian databases (Civilica, Magiran and SID) as well as English databases such as Web
of Science, Scopus, Embase, PubMed and Google scholar were reviwed separately.
Results: The dust storm phenomenon covers a wide range of geographical area. In fact, it
occurs in all parts of the world and is considered as an international issue. During the
occurrence of dust storm phenomenon, the concentration of various pollutants increases,
which generally affects the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere and throposphere. Dust storm
have far-reaching environmental, health, and socio-economic effects that are linked in a chain,
and ultimately each of these effects will have irreparable economic consequences. Therefore,
the phenomenon of dust has wide economic effects such as the impact on the exports, delays
in air travel, disruption of road transport, destructive effects on agriculture (agriculture and
horticulture), road accidents, road damage, closure of schools, home appliances, electronic
equipments, public billboards, irrigation canals, power plants and public health.
Conclusion: Dust storm phenomenon should not only be considered as an environmental
issue, but due to the great economic consequences for the infrastructure of the affected areas
and the country, it should be considered as a national and international concern. It is necessary
to accompany many executive departments of the country to reduce its consequences. To
reduce the man-made resources of the dust phenomenon, this study proposes integrated
assessments and strategies that promote sustainable water and land management in farms,
rangelands, deserts and urban areas, despite climate change.
