مقايسهٔ ويژگي‌هاي زيستي و شناختي مادران داراي يك ‌فرزند با آسيب بينايي با مادران داراي بيش از يك‌ فرزند با آسيب بينايي و مادران كودكان بدون آسيب بينايي

Comparing Biocognitive Characteristics between Mothers with One Visually-Impaired Child, Mothers with More than One Visually-Impaired Children, and Mothers with Healthy Children

هدف و زمينه: در دهه‌هاي اخير به خانوادهٔ كودكان با نيازهاي ويژه توجه بسياري شده و مطالعات متعددي در اين زمينه صورت گرفته است. هدف پژوهش حاضر مقايسه‌ٔ ويژگي‌هاي زيستي و شناختي مادران داراي يك‌ فرزند با آسيب بينايي با مادران داراي بيش از يك ‌فرزند با آسيب بينايي و مادران كودكان بدون آسيب بينايي بود. روش‌بررسي: پژوهش حاضر علي‌مقايسه‌اي بود. جامعهٔ مطالعه‌شده را مادران كودكان بدون آسيب بينايي و مادران كودكان با آسيب ‌بينايي شهر تهران و كرج در سال 96-1395 به تعداد 537 نفر تشكيل دادند. در پژوهش حاضر از روش نمونه‌گيري تصادفي ساده استفاده شد. حجم نمونه 224 نفر به‌دست آمد. ابزار اين تحقيق پرسش‌نامهٔ ويژگي‌هاي زيستي و شناختي بود. داده‌ها با استفاده از روش آماري تحليل واريانس و خي‌دو تحليل شدند. يافته‌ها: نتايج نشان داد كه بين سه گروه مادران در ويژگي‌هاي زيستي سن مادر، سن پدر، سن ازدواج پدر، مشاورهٔ قبل از ازدواج، مشاورهٔ ژنتيك، مصرف دارو، مصرف مواد، تغذيهٔ مناسب، معلوليت اقوام نزديك و ازدواج خويشاوندي، اختلاف معناداري وجود دارد (0٫001>p). همچنين نتايج مشخص كرد كه بين سه گروه مادران در ميزان تمامي ويژگي‌هاي شناختي تفاوت معنا‌دار ديده مي‌شود (0٫001>p). نتيجه‌گيري: بر اساس يافته‌ها مي‌توان نتيجه‌گيري كرد كه بين ويژگي‌هاي زيستي و شناختي مادران داراي يك‌ فرزند با آسيب بينايي با مادران داراي بيش از يك‌ فرزند با آسيب بينايي و مادران كودكان بدون آسيب بينايي تفاوت معنادار وجود دارد و محققان مي‌توانند با بررسي ويژگي‌هاي مذكور زمينهٔ پيشگيري از آسيب بينايي كودكان را فراهم آورند.

Background & Objectives: One of the most prevalent and important physical disabilities is blindness. The birth of a blind child in the family is a problem for family members, causing stress in them, especially the parents. The present study aimed to compare biological and cognitive characteristics between mothers with one visually–impaired child, mothers with more than one visually–impaired children, and mothers with healthy children. Methods: This was a causal–comparative research. The study population consisted of the mothers of Healthy children and the mothers of visually–impaired students in Tehran and Karaj Cities, Iran, in the 2017–18 academic year (N= 537 individuals). In this study, we used a simple random sampling method. The sample size was obtained using the Cochran formula as 224 people (120 mothers with one visually–impaired child, 104 mothers with more than one visually–impaired children, and 120 mothers with healthy children). The applied instruments in this study were biological and cognitive questionnaires. The scales’ scoring method was as follows: demographic questions and biological features have been collected at a nominal level, and there was no correct answer to them. Furthermore, in the cognitive properties section, some questions were responded in a nominal form and some other on a Likert–type scale (undetermined, low, medium, high, and very high. Of the total sample size selected, 57 people were employed, and 287 were housewives. Also the average age of mothers was 34.92 years and the average age of their offspring was 10.16 years. Also 173 people have son and 171 people had daughters. The investigated mothers' educational level was as follows: 95: under the diploma degree, 190: diploma, 20: graduate students, 28: undergraduate students, and 11: undergraduates. The obtained data were analyzed using Chi–squared test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in SPSS. Results: In this research, initially, statistical assumptions were examined. The collected data revealed a significant difference between the study groups in terms of age (p<0.001). Moreover, the analysis of each dependent variable indicated that the 3 study groups significantly differed in maternal age variables, the paternal age, and the fathers’ age at marriage (P<0.001). In addition, no significant difference was observed between the three study groups in the maternal age during pregnancy and the mothers’ age at marriage. Moreover, two by two–group comparisons, using Tukey's posthoc test, suggested that the average age of mothers with healthy children was significantly less than the two other study groups (p<0.001). Besides, the average paternal age in the healthy children group was significantly less than that of the group with more than one child with visual impairment (p<0.001). However, the average paternal age in the group of children with a visual impairment was significantly less than that of the group with more than one child with visual impairment (p<0.001). In addition, the average paternal age at marriage in the healthy children group was significantly more than that of the groups with one and more than one child with visual impairment (p<0.001). However, there was no significant difference between the average paternal age at marriage in the group of mothers with one visual impairment and the group with more than one child with visual impairment. Also, there was a significant difference between the three groups of mothers in all cognitive characteristics (p<0.001). Additionally, the achieved results revealed significant differences in cognitive and awareness features between the three study groups. Conclusion: The obtained data suggested significant differences in the biological and cognitive characteristics of the three study groups; thus, researchers could provide a preventive basis for children's vision impairment.