پديد آورندگان :
ﻣﺤﻤﺪي، همايون ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﮐﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﮔﺮﮔﺎنداﻧﺸﮑﺪه ﻋﻠﻮم ﺟﻨﮕﻞ , ﭘﯿﺎم ﻧﻮر، وﺣﯿﺪه داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﮐﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﮔﺮﮔﺎن - داﻧﺸﮑﺪه ﻋﻠﻮم ﺟﻨﮕﻞ , ﻧﻈﺮي، ﺟﻤﯿﻠﻪ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﮐﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﮔﺮﮔﺎن - داﻧﺸﮑﺪه ﻋﻠﻮم ﺟﻨﮕﻞ , آﺗﺸﯽ، ﺻﺎدق داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﮐﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ گرگان - داﻧﺸﮑﺪه ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪات ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ - ﮔﺮوه ﺑﺎﻏﺒﺎﻧﯽ
كليدواژه :
سديم‌كلريد , تنش‌هاي محيطي , صفات رويشي , عناصر غذايي
چكيده فارسي :
ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ و ﻫﺪف: ﺗﻨﺶ ﺷﻮري از ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺤﺪودﮐﻨﻨﺪه رﺷﺪ و ﮔﺴﺘﺮش رﺳﺘﻨﯽ ﻫﺎ در ﺳﻄﺢ ﮐﺮه زﻣﯿﻦ اﺳﺖ. در ﺟﻬﺎن ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺘﯽ ﺣﺪود 800 ﻣﯿﻠﯿﻮن ﻫﮑﺘﺎر، در اﯾﺮان ﺣﺪود 44 ﻣﯿﻠﯿﻮن ﻫﮑﺘﺎر و در اﺳﺘﺎن ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن ﺑﯿﺶ از 75 ﻫﺰار ﻫﮑﺘﺎر از اراﺿﯽ آن ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺷﻮري ﺧﺎك ﺑﻮده و داراي ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ﻓﻘﯿﺮ، ﺗﻨﮏ و ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮاً از ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺑﻪ ﺷﻮري اﺳﺖ. اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي درﺧﺘﯽ ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﺶ ﺷﻮري و اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد آن ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰودن ﻣﻮاد ﻏﺬاﯾﯽ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﯿﺎز از ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎك ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ در ﺟﻬﺖ اﺳﺘﻘﺮار ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ و اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪ از زﻣﯿﻦ ﻫﺎي ﺷﻮر ﻣﺆﺛﺮ واﻗﻊ ﮔﺮدد.
ﻣﻮاد و روش ﻫﺎ: ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺮ روي ﻧﻬﺎلﻫﺎي ﯾﮏ ﺳﺎﻟﻪ زﯾﺘﻮن ﺗﻠﺦ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮرﯾﻞ دو ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻪ در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻃﺮح ﺑﻠﻮك ﻫﺎي ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ اﺟﺮا ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. ﺗﻨﺶ ﺷﻮري ﺑﺎ آب آﺑﯿﺎري ﻫﺮ ﭘﻨﺞ روز ﯾﮏ ﺑﺎر و در ﭘﻨﺞ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ 0، 5، 10، 15 و 20 ds/m و ﮐﻮددﻫﯽ در ﭼﻬﺎر ﺳﻄﺢ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ 0، 50، 75 و 100 ﮔﺮم ﮐﻮد ﻣﻌﺪﻧﯽ ﻫﺮﺑﺎن ﺑﺮاي ﻫﺮ ﻧﻬﺎل ﺑﺎ ﭘﻨﺞ ﺗﮑﺮار ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪت 120 روز اﻋﻤﺎل ﺷﺪ. ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺗﻘﻠﯿﻞ اﺛﺮات ﺳﻮء ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﯾﯽ و ﺗﺮﻣﯿﻢ رﯾﺸﻪ ﻫﺎي آﺳﯿﺐ دﯾﺪه، ﮐﻮددﻫﯽ 50 روز ﻗﺒﻞ از اﻋﻤﺎل ﺗﻨﺶ ﺷﻮري اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. در ﻃﻮل دوره اﻋﻤﺎل ﺗﻨﺶ ﺷﻮري ﻣﯿﺰان ﺷﺎداﺑﯽ و درﺻﺪ زﻧﺪهﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﻫﺮ ﭘﻨﺞ روز ﯾﮏ ﺑﺎر و در ﭘﺎﯾﺎن دوره 15 ﺻﻔﺖ روﯾﺸﯽ اﻧﺪازه ﮔﯿﺮي ﺷﺪ. ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ وارﯾﺎﻧﺲ داده ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﺮم اﻓﺰار SPSS و ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﺎت ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ از آزﻣﻮن داﻧﮑﻦ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ. ﻫﻢ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ داده ﻫﺎي رﺗﺒﻪ اي ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺎ آزﻣﻮن ﮐﺮوﺳﮑﺎل و اﻟﯿﺲ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ.
ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ: ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﺗﻨﺶ ﺷﻮري ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻌﻨﯽ دار درﺻﺪ زﻧﺪه ﻣﺎﻧﯽ، ﺷﺎداﺑﯽ، رﺷﺪ ﻃﻮﻟﯽ، ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺮگ، ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺑﺮگ، ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﻓﺮدي ﺑﺮگ، ﺳﻄﺢ وﯾﮋه ﺑﺮگ، وزن ﺗﺮ ﺑﺮگ، وزن ﺧﺸﮏ ﺑﺮگ، وزن ﺗﺮ رﯾﺸﻪ و اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ وزن ﻣﺨﺼﻮص ﺑﺮگ در ﺳﻄﺢ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل 5 درﺻﺪ ﺷﺪ. اﺛﺮ ﮐﻮددﻫﯽ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻣﻌﻨﯽدار رﺷﺪ ﻃﻮﻟﯽ و ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻌﻨﯽدار وزن ﻣﺨﺼﻮص ﺑﺮگ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. ﺑﯿﺶ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﺰان ﺷﺎداﺑﯽ و درﺻﺪ زﻧﺪهﻣﺎﻧﯽ در ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﺑﺪون ﺗﻨﺶ ﺷﻮري و اﻋﻤﺎل ﺳﻄﻮح ﮐﻮد ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪ. ﮐﻢ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﺰان ﺷﺎداﺑﯽ و زﻧﺪهﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ در ﺗﯿﻤﺎر ﺗﻨﺶ ds/m 20 ﺑﺎ 100 ﮔﺮم ﮐﻮد ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺷﺪ. اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻣﻌﻨﯽ دار رﺷﺪ ﻃﻮﻟﯽ و ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻌﻨﯽ دار وزن ﻣﺨﺼﻮص ﺑﺮگ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ اﺛﺮات ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻮددﻫﯽ ﺑﻮد. ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ ﻫﺎ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﺗﻔﺎوﺗﯽ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﯿﺰان ﺻﻔﺎت ﯾﺎدﺷﺪه در ﺳﻄﺢ ﺷﺎﻫﺪ و ds/m 5 ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻧﺸﺪ. ﺑﯿﺶ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ درﺻﺪ زﻧﺪهﻣﺎﻧﯽ در ﭘﺎﯾﺎن دوره در ﺳﻄﻮح 10 و ds/m 15 ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ 100 و 75 درﺻﺪ ﺑﻮد.
ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﮔﯿﺮي: ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ، زﯾﺘﻮن ﺗﻠﺦ ﺑﻪ راﺣﺘﯽ ﺷﻮري 5ds/m را ﻣﺘﺤﻤﻞ اﺳﺖ و در ﺻﻮرت اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﮐﻮدﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ زﻣﺎن ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ ﮐﻮﺗﺎه و درﺻﺪ ﺟﺬب ﺑﺎﻻ، ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮان ﺑﺮاي ﮐﺸﺖ آن در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻘﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻮري ds/m .ﺑﺎ اﻫﺪاف ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻗﺪام ﮐﺮد 15-10
چكيده لاتين :
Background and objectives: Salinity stress is one of the most important factors limiting the growth and expansion of plants on the planet. In the world, an area of about 800 million hectares, in Iran about 44 million hectares and in Golestan province more than 75000 hectares of its lands are affected by salinity and has poor vegetation, sparse and exclusively salinity-resistant species. The use of salinity stress-resistant tree species and increasing their yield by adding the required nutrients from different sources to the soil can be effective in establishing vegetation and optimal use of saline soils.
Materials and Methods: For this purpose, the present study was performed on one-year-old bitter olive seedlings (Melia azedarach) in a factorial experiment with two-factor as a completely randomized design. Salinity stress with irrigation water once every five days in five levels including 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20ds/m and fertilization in four levels including 0, 50, 75 and 100 g of Herbban mineral fertilizer it was applied for each seedling with five replications for 120 days. In order to reduce the adverse effects of displacement and repair of damaged roots, fertilization was performed 50 days before salinity stress. During the period of salinity stress, the rate of vitality quality and survival percentage were measured every five days and at the end of the period, 15 vegetative traits were measured. Data analysis of variance was performed using SPSS software and Duncan test was used to compare the means. Rank data were also analyzed by Kruskal and Ellis tests.
Results: The results showed that salinity stress caused a significant decrease in vitality quality, survival, longitudinal growth, leaf area, number of leaves, average individual leaf area, specific leaf area, leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, fresh weight Root and leaf specific gravity increased at 5% probability level. The effect of fertilization caused a significant increase in longitudinal growth and a significant decrease in leaf specific gravity. The highest vitality quality and survival were observed in conditions without salinity stress and fertilizer application. The lowest vitality quality and survival were obtained at 20ds/m and 100 g of fertilizer. Significant increase in longitudinal growth and significant decrease in leaf specific gravity were the only significant effects of fertilization. Comparison of means did not show any difference between the mentioned traits at the control level and 5ds/m. The highest survival percentage at the end of the period at the levels of 10 and 15 ds/m were equal to 100 and 75%, respectively.
Conclusion: Therefore, according to the results, bitter olive easily tolerates salinity of 5ds/m and if suitable fertilizers are used with short stabilization time and high absorption percentage, it can be grown in areas with salinity of 10-15ds/m acted with different goals.
