در استان بوشهر (Eucalyptus spp.) سازگاري اوليه و رشد نه گونه و پروونانس اكاليپتوس

Preliminary adaptability and growth of nine species and provenances of Eucalypt (Eucalyptus spp.) in Bushehr Province

ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ و ﻫﺪف: اﮐﺎﻟﯿﭙﺘﻮس ﻫﺎ ﺟﺰء درﺧﺘﺎن ﺑﺰرگ و ﺗﻨﺪ رﺷﺪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﭼﻮب در ﺳﻄﺢ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ و در ﮐﺸﻮر اﯾﺮان ﮐﺸﺖ ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ. ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﻨﺪرﺷﺪ اﯾﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻃﯽ ﻧﻪ دﻫﻪ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ اﯾﺮان وارد ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ. اﯾﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﮐﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮏ اﯾﺮان ﻣﻮرد آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﺳﺎزﮔﺎري و ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد، ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ. ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪف ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺳﺎزﮔﺎري اوﻟﯿﻪ و رﺷﺪ ﻧﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﯾﺎ ﭘﺮووﻧﺎﻧﺲ اﮐﺎﻟﯿﭙﺘﻮس ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮاي ﮐﺸﺖ در ﭘﺮوژه ﻫﺎي ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﮐﺎري و زراﻋﺖ ﭼﻮب در اﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﻮﺷﻬﺮ، اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. ﻣﻮاد و روش ﻫﺎ: آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﻫﺎي اﯾﻦ ﭘﺮوژه در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻃﺮح ﺑﻠﻮك ﻫﺎي ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ در ﺳﻪ ﺗﮑﺮار و ﻧﻪ ﺗﯿﻤﺎر )ﮔﻮﻧﻪ و ﭘﺮووﻧﺎﻧﺲ اﮐﺎﻟﯿﭙﺘﻮس( در ﺳﺎل 1387 در اﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﺷﺒﺎﻧﮑﺎره ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن دﺷﺘﺴﺘﺎن اﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﻮﺷﻬﺮ اﺟﺮا ﺷﺪ. در ﻫﺮ ﮐﺮت آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﯽ اوﻟﯿﻪ 18 اﺻﻠﻪ از ﻫﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﯾﺎ ﭘﺮووﻧﺎﻧﺲ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ 5×5 ﻣﺘﺮ ﮐﺸﺖ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﺗﯿﻤﺎرﻫﺎ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ 20709 E. camaldulensis var. camaldulensis 15030 ،Eucalyptus camaldulensis ig. camaltereti، 15195 E. saligna ،E. camaldulensis var. subcinerea 12828 ،E. camaldulensis var. subcinerea ، 17909 E. globulus subsp. bicostata 16731 ،E. viminalis subsp. cygnetensis 16020 ،E. dunnii و 19452 E. nobilis ﺑﻮد. ﻧﻬﺎل ﻫﺎ اول ﺗﺎ آﺧﺮ ﻓﺮوردﯾﻦ ﻣﺎه ﻫﺮ ﺳﺎل ﻫﺮ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﯾﮏ ﺑﺎر و از اول اردﯾﺒﻬﺸﺖ ﻣﺎه ﺗﺎ آﺧﺮ آﺑﺎن ﻣﺎه ﻫﺮ 3 روز ﯾﮏ ﺑﺎر و از آذر ﺗﺎ ﭘﺎﯾﺎن اﺳﻔﻨﺪ ﻫﺮ 14 روز ﯾﮏ ﺑﺎر آﺑﯿﺎري ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري و ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻧﻬﺎل ﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﮕﻬﺒﺎن اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. ﺑﺮاي ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ اﺳﺘﻘﺮار اوﻟﯿﻪ و رﺷﺪ درﺧﺘﺎن، زﻧﺪه ﻣﺎﻧﯽ )ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ(، ارﺗﻔﺎع، ﻗﻄﺮ ﯾﻘﻪ، ﻗﻄﺮ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺳﯿﻨﻪ و ﻗﻄﺮ ﺑﺰرگ و ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ﺗﺎج درﺧﺘﺎن در ﭘﺎﯾﺎن ﺳﺎل ﺳﻮم اﻧﺪازه ﮔﯿﺮي ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﻣﺘﻐﯿﯿﺮﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ارﺗﻔﺎع، ﻗﻄﺮ ﯾﻘﻪ و ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺳﯿﻨﻪ درﺧﺖ، ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﺎج، ﺣﺠﻢ درﺧﺖ ﺳﺮﭘﺎ، روﯾﺶ ﺣﺠﻤﯽ ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ و درﺻﺪ زﻧﺪه¬ﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﻮرد آﻧﺎﻟﯿﺰ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ. ﺑﺮاي ﻧﺸﺎن دادن ﻣﻌﻨﯽ داري ﺗﻔﺎوﺗﻬﺎ در ﺳﻄﺢ 5% از ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ وارﯾﺎﻧﺲ ﯾﮏ ﻃﺮﻓﻪ و آزﻣﻮن ﺗﻮﮐﯽ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ: ﭘﺲ از ﮔﺬﺷﺖ ﺳﻪ ﺳﺎل، ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ ﭘﺮووﻧﺎﻧﺲ ﻫﺎي E. camaldulensis ازﻧﻈﺮ زﻧﺪه ﻣﺎﻧﯽ و رﺷﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ E. camaldulensis ig camaltereti 20709 ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺗﺮ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. از ﻣﯿﺎن ﭘﺮووﻧﺎﻧﺲ ﻫﺎي اﯾﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ، ﭘﺮووﻧﺎﻧﺲ از زﻧﺪه ﻣﺎﻧﯽ )90/7 درﺻﺪ(، ارﺗﻔﺎع )2/85 ﻣﺘﺮ(، ﻗﻄﺮ ﯾﻘﻪ )4/6 ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯽ ﻣﺘﺮ(، ﻗﻄﺮ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺳﯿﻨﻪ )2/25 ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯽ ﻣﺘﺮ(، ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﺎج )2/75 ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ(، ﺣﺠﻢ ﺳﺮﭘﺎ )0/83 ﻣﺘﺮﻣﮑﻌﺐ در ﻫﮑﺘﺎر( و روﯾﺶ ﺣﺠﻤﯽ )0/28 ﻣﺘﺮﻣﮑﻌﺐ در ﻫﮑﺘﺎر در ﺳﺎل( ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ رﺷﺪ را داﺷﺖ. ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ زﻧﺪﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي 17909 E. viminalis subsp. cygnetensis 16020 ،E. dunnii، 16731 E. globulus subsp. bicostata و 19452 E. nobilis ﺗﻌﻠﻖ داﺷﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻌﺎدل ﺻﻔﺮ ﺑﻮد. دﻟﯿﻞ ﻣﺮگ و ﻣﯿﺮ 100 درﺻﺪ اﯾﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺗﻨﺶ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﮔﺮﻣﯽ و ﺧﺸﮑﯽ ﺑﯿﺶ از ﺣﺪ ﻫﻮا در ﻓﺼﻞ ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن و اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺷﻮري ﺧﺎك ﭘﺲ از آﺑﯿﺎري ﺑﻮد. ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﮔﯿﺮي: ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ اوﻟﯿﻪ ﺑﻪدﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎي ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﯽ و اﺟﺮاﺋﯽ از ﻧﻈﺮ زﻧﺪه ﻣﺎﻧﯽ دو ﭘﺮووﻧﺎﻧﺲ E. camaldulensis ig. Camaltereti و 15195 E. camaldulensis var. subcinerea و از ﻧﻈﺮ رﺷﺪ ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮﻫﺎي روﯾﺸﯽ دو ﭘﺮووﻧﺎﻧﺲ 15195 E. camaldulensis var. subcinerea و 15030 E. camaldulensis var. camaldulensis اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﭘﺮووﻧﺎﻧﺲ ﻫﺎي E. camaldulensis در ﭘﺮوژه ﻫﺎي ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﮐﺎري و زراﻋﺖ ﭼﻮب ﺑﺮاي ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ روﯾﺸﯽ اﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﻮﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﮐﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ ﺳﺎل ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ، اﻧﺠﺎم ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻫﺎي ﺑﯿﺶ ﺗﺮ ﺑﺮ روي ﭘﺮووﻧﺎﻧﺲ ﻫﺎي اﯾﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ در اﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﻮﺷﻬﺮ و ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ داراي آب وﻫﻮاي ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﯿﻮه ﻫﺎي ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ و اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻧﻬﺎل از ﻧﻬﺎﻟﺴﺘﺎن ﺑﻪ ﻋﺮﺻﻪ و ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﮐﺎري ﻫﺎ، ﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد.

Background and objectives: Eucalypts are big and fast growing trees that have been cultivated worldwide and in Iran. Industrial species of this genus have been imported to Iran in last nine decades. These specie have been cultivated for aim of adaptability and performance in different ecological regions of Iran. This research has been carried out to determine suitable industrial species or provenances of Eucalyptus were investigated for afforestation and wood farming aims. Materials and Methods: This experiment was done under randomized complete blocks with three replicates and nine treatments (Eucalyptus species) in 2008, in Shabankareh Research station, Dashtestan, Bushehr province. In each replicate nine species and 18 seedlings of each species were cultivated with 5×5 meter spacing. Studied treatment was Eucalyptus species and provenances including E. camaldulensis ig. camaltereti 20709، E. camaldulensis var. camaldulensis ،15030 E. camaldulensis var. subcinerea 15195، E. camaldulensis var. subcinerea 12828، E. saligna، E. dunnii 17909، E. viminalis ssp. cygenetensis 16020، E. globulus ssp. bicostata 16731 and E. nobilis 19452. Planted trees were irrigated weekly from March to early April. They were irrigated each three days from mid-April to end of November. Irrigation was continued each 14 days From December to early March. The afforestation was protected by station guards. In each year of plantation seedlings survival was enumerated and recorded. Tree height (m), diameter at collar (cm), diameter at breast height (cm), crown diameter (m) were measured and recorded to evaluate tree adaptability and growth at the end of last year. Those Data were analyzed using ANOVA, Tukey test and α=5%. Results: Results showed that in terms of survival and growth, provenances of E. camaldulensis were superior when compared with other species. Highest growth was related to E. camaldulensis ig camaltereti 20709 with survival (90.7%), height (2.85m), diameter at collar height (4.6 cm), diameter at breast height (2.25cm), canopy surface (2.75m2), tree total volume (0.83m3ha-1) and annual volume increment (0.28m3ha-1) among provenances of this species. The minimum value of survival and growth were belonged to E. dunnii 17909, E. viminalis ssp. cygenetensis 16020, E. globulus ssp. bicostata 16731 and E. nobilis 19452 which was zero. Hundred percent mortality of those species was caused by over drought and heat in summer time. Conclusion: Studied species were prioritized for future research and executive programs based on the preliminary results: (a) in terms of survival: 1- E. camaldulensis ig camaltereti 20709, 2- E. camaldulensis var. subcinerea 15195, (b) Based on tree growth: 1- E. camaldulensis var. subcinerea 15195 and 2- E. camaldulensis var. camaldulensis 15030. Thus application of E. camaldulensis provenances in afforestation and wood farming projects was recommended. Given that results are related to three years, further researches on provenances of this species in terms of superior provenances selection, methods of seedlings transferring from nursery to field, and afforestation managements was suggested.