پديد آورندگان :
مهرآيين، فرشته دانشگاه آزاد اسلامي، كرج، ايران , دانش، عصمت دانشگاه آزاد اسلامي، كرج، ايران - گروه روان شناسي , خلعتبري، جواد دانشگاه آزاد اسلامي، تنكابن، ايران - گروه روان شناسي , فربد مفيدي تهراني، حسن دانشگاه آزاد اسلامي، كرج، ايران - گروه روان شناسي
چكيده فارسي :
زمينه و هدف: نقص در مهارتهاي اجتماعي و ارتباطي بهعنوان مانعي بزرگ بر سر راه افراد دچار اتيسم با عملكرد بالا براي مشاركت در محيطهاي اجتماعي و بهرهمندي از امكانات اجتماعي بايد مدنظر قرار گيرد. باتوجه به اهميت اين مسئله استفاده از رويكردهايي كه بتواند به افراد اتيسم جهت غلبه بر اين نقص كمك كرده، امري ضروري است. هدف تحقيق حاضر تعيين اثربخشي بستهٔ آموزشي مبتنيبر داستانهاي كودكانهٔ بوميسازيشده بر تقويت مهارتهاي اجتماعي-ارتباطي كودكان دچار اختلال طيف اتيسم با عملكرد بالا بود.
روشبررسي: روش اين پژوهش از نوع شبهآزمايشي با طرح پيشآزمون و پسآزمون و پيگيري با گروه گواه بود. جامعهٔ آماري تحقيق كودكان 6تا12ساله داراي اختلال اتيسم با عملكرد بالا، در مركز توانبخشي مهرآريا در شهر كرج در سال تحصيلي 97-1396 بودند. از ميان آنها تعداد 24 نفر با استفاده از روش نمونهگيري هدفمند انتخاب شده و در دو گروه آزمايشي و گواه بهصورت تصادفي قرار گرفتند. جهت پيشآزمون و پسآزمون نيمرخ مهارتهاي اجتماعي اتيسم (بليني و هوپف، 2007) تكميل شد. پس از آموزش دوازده داستان اجتماعي براي گروه آزمايش، جهت تحليل دادهها، روش تحليل واريانس با اندازهگيريهاي مكرر و نرمافزار SPSS و سطح معناداري 0٫05بهكار رفت.
يافتهها: در پژوهش حاضر بستهٔ آموزشي داستانهاي اجتماعي بوميسازيشده موجب افزايش ميانگين متغير مهارتهاي اجتماعي-ارتباطي گروه آزمايش در مرحله پسآزمون (12٫10± 96٫42) درمقايسه با مرحلهٔ پيشآزمون (17٫56± 90٫12) شده است (0٫001>p)؛ همچنين در تحقيق حاضر نتايج نشان داد، اثربخشي بستهٔ آموزشي مبتنيبر داستانهاي اجتماعي بوميشده بر متغير مهارتهاي اجتماعي-ارتباطي در دورهٔ پيگيري دوماهه ماندگار بوده است (0٫001>p).
نتيجهگيري: ازآنجاكه مداخلهٔ داستانهاي كودكانهٔ بوميسازيشده تعاملات كلامي كودكان را با يكديگر در موقعيتهاي اجتماعي فراهم ميآورد، روش مؤثري براي ارتقاي توانمنديها و مهارتهاي اجتماعي و ارتباطي كودكان دچار اختلال طيف اتيسم با عملكرد بالا است؛ بنابراين به درمانگران حوزهٔ اتيسم پيشنهاد ميشود در درمان و آموزش و بهبود مهارتهاي اجتماعي-ارتباطي اين كودكان از داستانهاي كودكانهٔ بوميسازيشده بهره گيرند.
چكيده لاتين :
Background & Objectives: Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is an umbrella term used to cover diagnosis across the spectrum, including autism, high–functioning autism, and Asperger syndrome. ASD is growing dramatically worldwide although the present rates of approximately
60 cases per 10000 children. ASD suggests striking gender differences, with a male: female ratio estimated at 3–4:1; it usually appears by the age of 3 years. Some researchers have stated that children with ASD often have relatively healthy development during the first 12–24 months of
life; then, after a period of regression, the full syndrome is evident. According to the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders (DSM–V), individuals with ASD present repetitive behavioral patterns and impairment in communication skills from early
childhood on. The deficits in social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors result in lifelong impairments
and disability. The main ASD symptoms affect socialization, communication, and behavior. Communication and social behaviors are typically
impaired early and are among the first signs that something is amiss, as reported by parents. A Social Story™ is a child–friendly intervention,
i.e., used for children with ASDs and consists of social information concerning situations where they have social difficulties. Limited evidence
mainly suggests that problematic behavior could be reduced in this population. Deficiencies in social and communication skills should be
considered as a major obstacle to the development of individuals with high–performance autism for participation in social settings and applying
social facilities. Given the importance of this issue, it is essential to use approaches that could help individuals with autism to overcome this
defect. The current study aimed to determine the effects of an educational package based on native children’s stories on improving the socio–
communicative skills of children with high–performance ASDs.
Methods: This was a descriptive and quasi–experimental study with a pretest–posttest–follow–up and a control group design. The study
population included 6– to 12–year–old children with high–performance ASDs at Mehrearya Rehabilitation Center in Karaj City, Iran, in the
academic year of 2018–2019. Of them, 24 subjects were selected using a purposive sampling method. Then, they were randomly divided into
two experimental and control groups. For conducting the pretest and posttest, the profile of the Autism Social Skills Profile (Bellini & Hopf,
2007) was completed. Accordingly, 12 sessions of social training stories were provided to the experimental group. Moreover, the obtained data
were analyzed employing the repeated–measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in SPSS at p<0.05.
Results: In the present study, providing the native social stories training package increased the mean±SD scores of socio–communicative skills
in the experimental group at the posttest phase (96.42±12.10), compared to the pretest phase (90.17±12.56) (p<0.001). The obtained data also
indicated that the effectiveness of the native social stories training package on social–communication skills was sustained at the two–month
follow–up step (p<0.001).
Conclusion: The intervention of native children’s stories facilitated children's verbal interactions with one another in social situations; thus, it
is an effective method to enhance the abilities and social and communicative skills of children with high–functioning ASDs. Accordingly,
therapists active in the field of autism management are recommended to implement this approach in the treatment, education, and improvement of the socio–communicative skills of this group.