بررسي استناد صدرالمتألهين به غزالي در مسئله توحيد حقيقي

"Study of Sadr al-Muta'allehin's citation to Ghazali on the issue of true monotheism"

ﺗﻮﺣﯿﺪ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﮭﻢﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻠﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ اﻧﺪﯾﺸﻤﻨﺪان ﻓِﺮق و ﻣﮑﺎﺗﺐ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﺳﻼﻣﯽ، ﺑﺪان ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ. ﺑﻪ رﻏﻢ آن ﮐﻪ در ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ اﯾﻦ ﻣﮑﺎﺗﺐ، ﺗﻮﺣﯿﺪ، ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺘﯽ داراي ﻣﺮاﺗﺐ ﻣﺘﻌﺪد ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ﺷﺪه، درﺑﺎره اﻋﻠﯽ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺗﻮﺣﯿﺪ، دﯾﺪﮔﺎهھﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﯽ وﺟﻮد دارد. اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوھﺶ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ روش ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ ـ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه، ﻣﯽﮐﻮﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﭘﺲ از ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺮ و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﺗﻮﺣﯿﺪ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯽ از ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﻣﻼﺻﺪرا و ﻏﺰاﻟﯽ، ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ و ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺗﻮﺣﯿﺪ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯽ ﯾﺎ ﺗﻮﺣﯿﺪ اھﻞ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺖ در ﺑﯿﻨﺶ آنھﺎ اﺷﺎره ﮐﻨﺪ. ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه از ﺑﺮرﺳﯽھﺎ آن اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ وﺟﻮد ﺷﺒﺎھﺖھﺎي ﻇﺎھﺮي در ﻋﺒﺎرات ﻣﻼﺻﺪرا و ﻏﺰاﻟﯽ و ﻧﯿﺰ اﺳﺘﻨﺎدھﺎي ﻣﺘﻌﺪد آﺧﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ او در ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ وﺣﺪت ﺷﺨﺼﯽ وﺟﻮد، ﺗﻮﺣﯿﺪ ﻧﺰد اﯾﻦ دو اﻧﺪﯾﺸﻤﻨﺪ ﭼﮭﺮهاي ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت دارد. ﻣﻼﺻﺪرا در دﯾﺪﮔﺎه ﻧﮭﺎﯾﯽ ﺧﻮد، ﻗﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﻪ وﺣﺪت وﺟﻮد اﺳﺖ اﻣﺎ دﯾﺪﮔﺎه ﻏﺰاﻟﯽ در اﯾﻦ ﺑﺎره روﺷﻦ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ ﺑﺎ اﯾﻦ ﺣﺎل ﺷﻮاھﺪ، ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ آن اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ از ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﻏﺰاﻟﯽ ﺗﻮﺣﯿﺪ ﻋﺒﺎرت اﺳﺖ از وﺣﺪت ﺷﮭﻮد. ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس اﯾﻦ ﺗﻔﺎوت دﻟﯿﻞِ اﺳﺘﻨﺎدھﺎي ﻣﺘﻌﺪد ﻣﻼﺻﺪرا ﺑﻪ ﻏﺰاﻟﯽ، در ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺗﻮﺣﯿﺪ را ﯾﺎ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از ﻋﺪم ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﻼﺻﺪرا ﺑﻪ ﺗﻔﺎوت وﺣﺪت وﺟﻮد و وﺣﺪت ﺷﮭﻮد داﻧﺴﺖ و ﯾﺎ زﯾﺮﮐﯽ ﺻﺪراﻟﻤﺘﺄﻟﮭﯿﻦ ﺑﺮاي اﻗﻨﺎع ﺧﺼﻢ.

Monotheism is one of the most important issues addressed by scholars of different Islamic sects and schools. Although in most of these schools, monotheism is a multifaceted truth, there are different views about the highest level of monotheism. This research, which has been written in an analytical-descriptive method, tries to compare and evaluate the true monotheism or the monotheism of the people of knowledge in their views after interpreting and analyzing the true monotheism from the perspective of Mulla Sadra and Ghazali. The result obtained from the studies is that despite the apparent similarities in the expressions of Mulla Sadra and Ghazali as well as the numerous references of the mullah to him in matters related to personal unity of existence, monotheism has different faces for these two thinkers. Mulla Sadra, in his final view, believes in the unity of existence, but al-Ghazali's view on this is not clear. However, the evidence is more based on the fact that from al-Ghazali's point of view, monotheism is the unity of intuition. Based on this difference, the reason for Mulla Sadra's numerous citations to Ghazali in the discussions of monotheism should either be due to Mulla Sadra's lack of attention to the difference between the unity of existence and the unity of intuition, or Sadr al-Muta'allehin's shrewdness in persuading the enemy