ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﮐﻬﻦاﻟﮕﻮي آب در ﮐﻠﯿﻠﻪودﻣﻨﻪ

Review and analysis of the “water” archetype in Kalila and Demna

آب، ﯾﮑﯽ از ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺷﮕﻔﺖاﻧﮕﯿﺰ و ﺿﺮوري در ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺖ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻤﻮاره ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ اﻗﻮام و ﻣﻠّﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻮده و ﻫﺴﺖ. ﻫﻨﺪوان و اﯾﺮاﻧﯿﺎن ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎن ﻧﯿﺰ آب را ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﮔﺮاﻣﯽ داﺷﺘﻪاﻧﺪ و اﺳﻄﻮرهﻫﺎي ﻓﺮاواﻧﯽ ﭘﯿﺮاﻣﻮن آن ﺷﮑﻞ دادهاﻧﺪ. ﮐﺘﺎب ﮐﻠﯿﻠﻪودﻣﻨﻪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻨﺸﺄ ﻫﻨﺪي دارد و ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ زﺑﺎن ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺷﺪه-اﺳﺖ، ﺳﺮﺷﺎر از اﯾﻦ اﺳﻄﻮرهﻫﺎ و اﻓﺴﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ اﺳﺖ. در اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﻪ روش اﺳﺘﻘﺮاﯾﯽ و ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻗﺮار دادن ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﮐﺎرل ﮔﻮﺳﺘﺎوﯾﻮﻧﮓ ) Carl Gustav Gung( روانﭘﺰﺷﮏ ﺳﻮﺋﯿﺴﯽ و دﯾﮕﺮ ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮕﺮان در اﯾﻦ زﻣﯿﻨﻪ، ﺳﻌﯽ ﺷﺪهاﺳﺖ وﯾﮋﮔﯽﻫﺎي ﮐﻬﻦاﻟﮕﻮي آب را ذﮐﺮ و ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺎه آن را در ﻧﺰد اﻗﻮام ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﯿﺎن ﻧﻤﺎﯾﯿﻢ. ﺳﭙﺲ ﻣﻮاردي را ﮐﻪ در ﮐﺘﺎب ﮐﻠﯿﻠﻪودﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﮐﻬﻦاﻟﮕﻮ ﻗﻠﻤﺪاد ﺷﻮﻧﺪ، ذﮐﺮ ﻧﻤﻮدهاﯾﻢ. ﭘﺲ از ﺑﺮرﺳﯽﻫﺎي اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه از ﺑﯿﻦ وﯾﮋﮔﯽﻫﺎي ذﮐﺮ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاي آب ﭼﻬﺎر ﻣﻮرد از آن را در ﮐﺘﺎب ﮐﻠﯿﻠﻪودﻣﻨﻪ ﭘﯿﺪا ﻧﻤﻮدﯾﻢ ﮐﻪ ﺟﻨﺒﮥ ﮐﻬﻦاﻟﮕﻮﯾﯽ دارﻧﺪ و ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮاردي ﭼﻮن: 1( آب رﻣﺰ ﺣﯿﺎت 2( آب رﻣﺰ ﻣﺮگ و ﻣﻤﺎت 3( ﻋﺒﻮر از رود ﺗﺼﻮر ﺳﻤﺒﻮﻟﯿﮏ ﯾﮏ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ روﯾﻪ 4( ﻏﻮﻃﻪوري در آب رﻣﺰي از ﺗﺠﺪﯾﺪ ﺣﯿﺎت، ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ.

Water is one of the most amazing constituent of nature which has always been the center of attention among different folks and nations. It has also been much respected for ancient Indians and Iranian, as they have created many myths around it. Kalila and Demna which has an Indian origin and later has been translated to Persian is full of these myths. In this study, using inductive reasoning and based on Jung’s finding and other researchers in this field, it has been tried to describe the main characteristics of water archetype and to investigate its importance among different folks. Then, different examples in Kalila and Demna which can be considered as archetype are introduced. Results showed that four characteristics of water have archetypal aspects: 1) water as the secret of life, 2) water as the secret of death, 3) crossing the river is a symbolic thought for changing a manner, and 4) immersing in water is a symbol of rebirth