پديد آورندگان :
صادقي، حميدرضا دانشگاه تربيت مدرس - دانشكده منابع طبيعي و علوم دريايي - گروه مهندسي آبخيزداري، نور، مازندران، ايران , جعفرپور، عاطفه دانشگاه تربيت مدرس - دانشكده منابع طبيعي و علوم دريايي - گروه مهندسي آبخيزداري، نور، مازندران، ايران , فرج الهي، مصيب دانشگاه تربيت مدرس - دانشكده منابع طبيعي و علوم دريايي - گروه مهندسي آبخيزداري، نور، مازندران، ايران , خطيبي رودبارسرا، دنيا دانشگاه تربيت مدرس - دانشكده منابع طبيعي و علوم دريايي - گروه مهندسي آبخيزداري، نور، مازندران، ايران , مرادي سفيدچقائي، مژگان دانشگاه تربيت مدرس - دانشكده منابع طبيعي و علوم دريايي - گروه مهندسي آبخيزداري، نور، مازندران، ايران , ذبيحي سيلابي، مصطفي دانشگاه تربيت مدرس - دانشكده منابع طبيعي و علوم دريايي - گروه مهندسي آبخيزداري، نور، مازندران، ايران , خسروي، محمد دانشگاه رازي كرمانشاه - گروه مهندسي منابع طبيعي، كرمانشاه، ايران , كولاني، انشاءالله اداره كل منابع طبيعي و آبخيز داري استان كرمانشاه , محمدي، بابك اداره كل منابع طبيعي و آبخيز داري استان كرمانشاه , اديبي، محمدجواد اداره منابع طبيعي شهرستان سنقر , آذرنيا، هومن دانشگاه رازي كرمانشاه، كرمانشاه، ايران
چكيده لاتين :
Introduction: One of the most important causes of land degradation and reduced fertility is soil erosion, a
severe threat to human welfare and food security. With the intensification of erosion and sediment transport in
the watershed, water quality is reduced, and sediment production and flood risks are increased. The
consequences of soil impoverishment cause irreparable damage, including the abandonment of farms, increased
migration, economic, social, and political problems. In this regard, paying attention to soil and water resources
conservation is one of the most necessary measures to control erosion. So that the performance of natural
ecosystems increases through conserving the soil and preventing the occurrence and intensification of erosion.
Therefore, it is essential to know different stages of erosion and evaluation of the factors governing it in properly
managing soil and water resources in a watershed. So far, various biological methods and structures are used to
control soil and runoff loss in watersheds. Since biological methods are based on ecosystems' conditions, it is
essential to control soil erosion in the early stages. In recent years, extensive methods for the conservation of soil
and water resources have been introduced and used in practice. Therefore, one of the most important methods of
protecting soil and water resources is the use of biological methods in terms of low use of tillage operations,
limited intervention, and manipulation in nature, cost-effectiveness, and also better efficiency than structural
measures. However, the biological management of soil erosion has not yet been welcomed by executive experts
due to the lack of a proper implementation model.
Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted to investigate biological erosion management in
the Gavoshan Watershed, Iran, due to distributed and manageable erosion and the available information. The
Gavoshan Watershed, with an area of 7736 ha, the mean annual precipitation of 339 mm, the minimum and
maximum elevations of 1635, and 2455 meters above sea level, is located in Kermanshah Province. After
determining the erosion status, climatic characteristics, and plant growth conditions, the executive procedure of
biological management of the region was proposed.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that surface erosion is predominant in the area, and therefore
the suitability of the conditions for bio-management measures was confirmed. While reporting the prevalence of
sheet erosion, the results emphasized the erosion status in the low and moderate classes and the ability to
perform biological approaches in the watershed based on the climatic-agricultural map. The results further
showed that according to the climatic-agricultural map, the whole study watershed was divided into five
categories. In this regard, the second category with an area of 3421 ha had the highest, and the fifth category
with 82 ha had the lowest areas. Finally, after determining the area of different land-uses and according to the
maps of soil erosion and climatic-agricultural conditions as well as ombrothermic and hetherograph diagrams,
suitable rangeland species were selected and suggested for each climatic-agricultural category based on the
expected characteristics of elevation, precipitation, temperature, phenology and adequate role in soil
conservation. Finally, the executive plan of biological management of soil erosion in the Gavoshan Watershed
was presented based on phytosociology and relevant ecological expectations. Since bio-management measures are applicable in rangelands with moderate and poor vegetation conditions, the good rangelands were not
prioritized for the planning. Accordingly, moderate and weak rangelands with an area of about 4219 ha, i.e.>
54%, of the watershed were considered for biological activities. It is expected that by taking biological measures,
erosion control will be done in the early stages, and by increasing the vegetation level in 54.63% of the
watershed, in addition to controlling soil erosion or at least stopping it in the early stages, carbon sequestration
conditions, nitrogen fixation, and increase soil fertility. The use of endemic species in this watershed would
facilitate ecological balance and at the same time protect the basic resources of water, soil, and vegetation by
increasing the level of ground cover.
Conclusion: Biological management is a new approach in soil and water resource sustainable management
that inhibits soil loss in the early stages of erosion and prevents the destruction of ecosystems. The results of the
present study are anticipated to meet the expected needs in the protection of soil and water resources in similar
watersheds in the west of the country. The results of the present study can be used in soil and water resources
management in the western regions of the country with similar ecological conditions. Although the proposed
approach can be used in most parts of the country rangelands, appropriate field studies and continuous
monitoring of the proposed function will be necessary to provide comprehensive and integrated conclusions for
soil and water resources management.
