تعيين ميزان آب كاربردي و بهره وري آب در باغات سيب استان فارس

Determining the Amount of Applied Water and Water Productivity in Apple Orchards in Fars Province

ارﺗﻘﺎء و ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﺑﻬﺮه وري آب ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﯾﮑﯽ از راﻫﮑﺎرﻫﺎي اﺛﺮﺑﺨﺶ و ﮐﺎرﺑﺮدي ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﺑﺎﻏﯽ در ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﺗﻨﺶ آﺑﯽ در ﮐﺸﻮر و ﺑﻪ وﯾﮋه در اﺳﺘﺎن ﻓﺎرس ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﯾﮑﯽ از ﻗﻄﺐ ﻫﺎي ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﺑﺎﻏﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎر ﻣﯽ رود. ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ، ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﯿـﺰان آب ﮐـﺎرﺑﺮدي و ﺑﻬـﺮه وري آب در ﺑﺎﻏـ ﺎت ﺳـﯿﺐ اﺳﺘﺎن ﻓﺎرس ﻫﺪف اﺻﻠﯽ اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﻮد. ﺗﻌﺪاد 24 ﺑﺎغ ﺳﯿﺐ در ﺳﻪ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن آﺑﺎده، اﻗﻠﯿﺪ و ﺳﭙﯿﺪان ﺑﺎ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ زﯾﺮﮐﺸﺖ و ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل ﺳـﯿﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﻫﺎي ﭘﺎﯾﻠﻮت اﺟﺮاي ﭘﺮوژه اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. در ﺑﺎﻏﺎت آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﯽ، اﻧﺪازه ﮔﯿﺮي ﺣﺠﻢ آب آﺑﯿـﺎري )ﺑـﺎ اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده از ﻓﻠـﻮم WSC و ﯾـﺎ ﮐﻨﺘـﻮر ﺣﺠﻤﯽ(، ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﺳﯿﺐ و ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯿﺎت ﺧﺎك ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ، ﻫﻮاﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ و ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎي آﺑﯿﺎري در ﺳﺎل زراﻋﯽ 98-97 ﺻـﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓـﺖ. ﻧﺘـﺎﯾﺞ ﻧﺸـﺎن داد ﻣﯿـﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪي در اﺳﺘﺎن 30/2 ﺗﻦ در ﻫﮑﺘﺎر ﺑﻮد. ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺣﺠﻢ آب ﮐﺎرﺑﺮدي در ﺑﺎﻏﺎت 17956 و ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات آن از 12519 ﺗﺎ 23040 ﻣﺘﺮﻣﮑﻌﺐ در ﻫﮑﺘـﺎر ﺑﻮد. ﻣﯿﺰان ﺑﻬﺮه وري آب از 0/07 ﺗﺎ 6/28 ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﮑﻌﺐ ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﺑﻮد. ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﯾـﻦ ﺷـﺎﺧﺺ 1/67 ﮐﯿﻠـﻮﮔﺮم ﺑـﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﮑﻌـﺐ ﺑـﻪ دﺳـﺖ آﻣـﺪ. ﺗﻐﯿﯿـﺮ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي آﺑﯿﺎري از ﺳﻄﺤﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﺮه اي اﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺣﺠﻢ آب آﺑﯿﺎري و اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻣﯿﺰان ﻣﺤﺼﻮل و اﻓـﺰاﯾﺶ ﺑﻬـﺮه وري آب ﮔﺮدﯾـﺪه، ﻟـﯿﮑﻦ اﯾـﻦ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻧﺒﻮده اﺳﺖ.

Improvement and enhancement of water productivity is one of the effective and applied solutions to produce valuable gardens products under stress conditions in the country, and especially in Fars province as one of the regions producing garden products. Therefore, determining applied water and water productivity in apple gardens of Fars province was the main objective of this study. In this study, a total of 24 apple gardens were selected in three districts of Abadeh, Eghlid and Sepidan, having the largest cultivated area and production of apple as the experimental pilots. The volume of water (using flume or volumetric devices), apple yield and soil characteristics, meteorological variables and irrigation parameters were measured in experimental gardens. Results showed that average yield was 30.2 t ha-1. Applied water varied from 17956 to 23040 m3 ha-1. Water productivity varied from 0.07 to 6.28 kg m-3 and averaged 1.67 kg m-3. Although changing irrigation systems from surface to drip ones reduced water consumption, but increased the yield and therefore insignificantly increased water productivity.