مقايسه عملكرد و شبيه سازي حركت، جذب آب و الگوي پخش ريشه ذرت دانه اي در سامانه هاي آبياري قطره اي سطحي، زيرسطحي و مالچ پلاستيكي

Comparison of yield and water flow simulation, maize root uptake and pattern of maize root distribution in surface and subsurface drip irrigation systems and plastic mulch

اﻫﻤﯿﺖ رﯾﺸﻪ و اﻟﮕﻮي ﺟﺬب آب از ﺧﺎك ﺗﻮﺳﻂ آن ﯾﮑﯽ از ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ در رﺷﺪ و ﻧﻤﻮ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن زراﻋﯽ اﺳﺖ. ﻧﺤﻮه ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ رﯾﺸﻪ در ﺧﺎك ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷـﺮاﯾﻂ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ زراﻋﯽ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﺑﻮده و اﻋﻤﺎل ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺟﺬب آب ﺗﻮﺳﻂ رﯾﺸﻪ و اﻓـﺰاﯾﺶ ﮐـﺎراﯾﯽ ﻣﺼـﺮف آب و در ﻧﻬﺎﯾـﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﮑـﺮد ﻣﺤﺼﻮل ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ. ﺑﺪﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪاي ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪف ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ روشﻫﺎي آﺑﯿﺎري ﻗﻄﺮهاي زﯾﺮ ﺳﻄﺤﯽ )Sb(، آﺑﯿﺎري ﻗﻄـﺮه اي ﺳـﻄﺤﯽ )(S و آﺑﯿـﺎري ﻗﻄﺮهاي ﺳﻄﺤﯽ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ ﻣﺎﻟﭻ ﭘﻼﺳﺘﯿﮑﯽ )Sm(، ﮐﻪ در ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻣﺤﺪودي ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ، ﺑﺮ روي ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد و ﮐﺎراﯾﯽ ﻣﺼـﺮف آب و ﺷـﺒﯿﻪ ﺳﺎزي ﺣﺮﮐﺖ آب و ﺟﺬب رﯾﺸﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺪل HYDRUS-2D و ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯿﺎت آن در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻃﺮح ﺑﻠﻮك ﻫﺎي ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ در ﺳﻪ ﺗﮑﺮار در ﺳﺎل 1397-98 در ﻣﺰرﻋﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎﺗﯽ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه اروﻣﯿﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺗﯿﻤﺎر )Sm( و S)( ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ داراي ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﺰان ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد و ﮐﺎراﯾﯽ ﻣﺼﺮف آب ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻣﯿﺰان 36/6 ﺗﻦ ﺑﺮ ﻫﮑﺘﺎر و 2/1 ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﮑﻌﺐ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﺰان ﺣﺠﻢ و وزن رﯾﺸﻪ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﺗﯿﻤﺎر S)( ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻣﯿﺰان 325/6 ﮔﺮم و 251/8 ﻣﯿﻠﯽﻟﯿﺘﺮ ﺑﻮد. ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﺷﺒﯿﻪﺳﺎزيﻫﺎي ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات رﻃﻮﺑﺖ در ﺗﯿﻤﺎرS) ( ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ در ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺎك اﺗﻔﺎق اﻓﺘﺎده اﺳﺖ وﻟﯽ در ﺗﯿﻤﺎر )Sb( اﯾﻦ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات در ﻋﻤﻖ ﺧﺎك و در ﺗﯿﻤﺎر )Sm( در ﯾﮏ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮐﻪ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﮐﻤﯽ از ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺎك دارد، دﯾﺪه ﻣﯽﺷﻮد.

The importance of roots and the pattern of water uptake from soil is one of the effective factors in the growth and development of crops. The distribution of roots in the soil is different under various agronomic conditions and the application of appropriate management will lead to increased water uptake by the roots and increase water use efficiency and ultimately crop yield. For this purpose, a study was conducted to investigate the effect of subsurface drip irrigation (Sb), surface drip irrigation (S) and surface drip irrigation with plastic mulch (Sm) which has been considered in limited studies, on water use efficiency, yield and simulation of water movement and root water uptake by HYDRUS-2D model and its characteristics was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replicated at Research Field of Agriculture Faculty of Urmia University in 2018-2019 growing season. Results showed that the treatment (Sm) and (S) had 36.6 tons per hectare and 2.1 kg per cubic meter, respectively. Also, the highest volume and weight of roots was obtained from treatment (S), respectively, 325.6 gr and 251.8 ml. Based on the simulations, it was found that changes in soil moisture in treatment (S) occurred more at the soil surface, but in treatment (Sb) these changes in soil depth and in treatment (Sm) at a certain depth that a small distance It can be seen from the surface of the soil.