ارزش اثباتي ادله ثانوي- شهادت- در تعارض با سند رسمي (بررسي حقوق ايران و فرانسه و نظام كامن لا)

The positive value of secondary evidence - testimony - in conflict with the official document (study of Iranian and French law and the common law system)

در اين تحقيق با روش تحليلي- توصيفي به اين سوال كه در تعارض ميان سند رسمي به عنوان دليل اصيل با ادله ثانوي، بويژه شهادت كه سبب خدشه در سند و مفاد آن مي شود، كدام دليل و تحت شرايطي ارجح مي باشد؟ پرداخته شده است. با تتبع در حقوق ايران و امكان سنجي آن با حقوق فرانسه و نظام كامن لا، به جهت بدست دادن دلايل تعارض سند با ادله ديگر بويژه شهادت بواسطه نقض قوانين و مقررات در حقوق ايران و مسامحه قانونگذار در وضع قوانين است. بر اساس تحولاتي كه در ماهيت مالكيت اموال غيرمنقول در ماده 22 و46، 47 و 48 قانون ثبت ايران آمده، مناقشه ميان نظام ايجادي و نظام تاييدي مالكيت مشهود است. نتايج تحقيق نشان مي دهد كه تعارض شهادت با سند رسمي در نظام هاي رضاعي نظير فرانسه و ايران نيز وجود دارد كه سبب پيچيدگي و معضلاتي در ماهيت مالكيت اموال غيرمنقول شده كه مهمترين وجه بروز آن در قبول ادله ثانوي مانند شهادت در مقابل سند رسمي با فروشندگان داراي سند رسمي و اشخاص ثالث است. تاكيد نظام حقوقي فرانسه در مبحث ادله اصيل و ادله ثانوي راهكارهايي است كه براي جلوگيري از تعارض اسناد در حقوق ايران پيشنهاد شده است.

In this research, with analytical-descriptive method, the matter of conflict between the official document as the original reason and the secondary evidence, especially the testimony that causes the defect in the document and its provisions, what is the reason and under superior conditions? had been addressed. Following the law of Iran and its feasibility with the law of France and the Common law system, in order to obtain the reasons for the conflict of the document with other reasons, especially testimony due to violation of laws and regulations in Iranian law and negligence of the legislator in making laws. Based on the developments in the nature of real estate ownership in Articles 22, 46, 47 and 48 of the Iranian Registration Law, the conflict between the creative system and the ownership certification system is evident. The results show that there is a conflict between testimony and official document in financial systems such as France and Iran, which has caused complexity and problems in the nature of real estate ownership, the most important aspect of which is the acceptance of secondary evidence such as testimony against official document with sellers having official documents and third parties. The emphasis of the French legal system on the issue of original and secondary arguments is the solutions that have been proposed to prevent the conflict of documents in Iranian law.