كليدواژه :
پاكسازي , مارتين اميس , هنجارسازي , همنوايي , هويت ساختگي , رمان پيكان زمان , رمان كشتزارهاي لندن
چكيده فارسي :
حافظه تاريخي هم به صورت هاي واقعي و هم با ماهيت دگرگون شده يا ساختگي در جهان كنوني هويت بخشي مي نمايد. اين هويت بخشي ممكن است به صورت طبيعي يا مصنوعي صورت گيرد. در دنياي پسانوگرا موارد ساختگي بسياري مي توان يافت كه باعث شكل گيري ذهنيتها مي شوند تا مفاهيمي را با مقاصد تعصبي نهادينه نمايند. رمان هاي پيكان زمان(1991) و كشتزارهاي لندن (1989) اثر مارتين اميس لايه هاي تفسيري بسياري از جمله مطالعات تاريخي دارند كه مي توان مطالعات علمي را از آنها حاصل نمود. بنا بر نظركثيري از منتقدين از جمله تامس مالن 3 و ويل سلف 4، مارتين اميس اديبي متعهد است كه با حدود نيم قرن وقف نمودن عمرش در حوزه ي ادبيات، روح زمانه اش تلقي مي شود. روند زندگي شخصيت هاي داستان در نهايت پس از طي نمودن چرخه ي اجتماعي، فرهنگي و تاريخي بنا بر نظريه هاي فيلسوفاني از جمله ژان فرانسوا ليوتار5 و ميشل فوكو6 آفرينش مي گردد يا به حالت نخستين خود باز مي گردد و بازآفريني صورت مي گيرد. مبحث پاكسازي يا " انيلينگ " روشي در علم فلزكاري يا متالورژي مي باشد كه از آن مي توان براي درك بهتر جنبه هاي تفسيري براي همانندانگاري رمان بهره برد. همنوايي يا "رزونانس" بر اساس نظريه پردازان علوم اجتماعي از جمله لي منگ در دنياي امروزي و عصر ارتباطات بيشتر از گذشته رخ مي دهد. اين پژوهش، چگونگي تاريخ در دو رمان برگزيده ي مارتين اميس را بررسي مي نمايد كه آيا تاريخ از منظر اين نويسنده پويا است يا ايستا و چنانچه پوياست چگونه اين امر صورت مي گيرد. روند هنجار سازي با موارد تاريخي همنوا مي گردد تا آنها را نقض يا تقويت نمايد. رمان هاي اميس را مي توان از منظر پاكسازي تاريخي ديد كه در آنها تاريخ به وضعيت اوليه خود به عقب برميگردد. لذا ميتوان سرگذشت شخصي را به عنوان سرگذشت جمعي ديد. مسخ يا نتيجه اين روند تبديل، منجر به پاك نمودن ذهنيت واقعي يا مصنوعي جهاني ميشود. بازگشت پويا به زندگي و يافتن هويت نخستين اگرچه در قالب مرگ هم باشد در دنياي پسانوگرا خودبه خود رخ ميدهد زيرا شرايط اين بازآفريني در زندگي اجتماعي ايجاد شده و از قبل هم قابليت پيش بيني دارد. اين مقاله، پژوهشي مبتني بر نظريه علمي انيلينگ و تركيب آن با نظريه تاريخ از منظر ليوتار و فوكو به منظور بررسي رمان هاي منتخب مارتين اميس به روش توصيفي – كتابخا نه اي است .
چكيده لاتين :
Introduction: The Pos tmodern world contains lots of synthesized issues by which mentalities are recreated in social circulations to diffuse some concepts for some prejudicial purposes as Foucault implies in his theory of Knowledge/Power. Martin Amis’s novels, Time’s Arrow (1991), and London Fields (1989) have many layers of interpretations including a his torical s tudy by which scientific s tudy may be dis tilled.
Annealing, as a method in metallurgy science, can be taken into consideration for unders
tanding one of the aspects of the novels’ interpretation. The normalization trend
of synthesized identity resonates with the his torical issues either to reject or diffuse
and amplify them. The trend of life whether forward and toward future or backward
and toward pas t after passing the social, cultural, and his torical circulations based
on Jean Francois Lyotard and Michel Foucault and their notions of knowledge, power,
and time are taken back to its original condition and culminates in recreation. Background S tudies: Sacido about Martin Amis’s works writes that he condensed
the spirit of the times while looking back to authors of the canonical tradition
in the form of inter-textual games (235). Bradley and Tate mention that Amis valorizes
a free utopian space called the novel in which anything and everything can be
thought and said. They refer to something like a savior by the name of literature to
save humanity at present (107). The means of this affair are not completely specified.
Readings write that his tory, like literature, becomes the site of the recognition that
there is something that cannot be said (62). Elias notes that the pos tmodern and the
pos t-Holocaus t become mutually intertwined issues that are bes t addressed in relation
to each other (276). Boggs denotes to the matter that while “Good War” lore s till
has a special appeal within pos twar U.S. political culture, its particular “goodness”
would have little resonance for a larger world that had endured little but wartime
savagery and horrors: the Holocaus t, massive battlefield death and des truction, aerial
obliteration of major cities, atomic carnage, deliberate assaults on civilian populations
by all sides in the conflict (xiii). Hyvärinen refers to the Holocaus t events that once seemed to have to some sort of rationale, some sort of jus tification to people
but that now, in retrospect, may appear quite awful and shameful (53). Cubitt s tates
that his torical writing on the Holocaus t is frequently intended, on one level at leas t,
as an ins trument of remembering – a way of holding on to people and events that are
in danger of being forgotten or misremembered (52). Johnson mentions that we can
describe the mys teries of love as the result of a s trong annealing process while under
the influence of some patterns that can trigger high energy s tates (3). Methodology: The approach and methodology of this s tudy is defined by the way
the problem of this work is s tated in the title. Annealing, normalizing, and hardening
that are the three phases of the whole annealing trend are observed through the novel
as the upper critical points, while, tempering, as the las t phase, is observed as the lower
critical point. The critical point is the condition in which annealing is performed.
The methodology of this research is dis tilled in the overlapping notion of annealing
resonance with Michel Foucault’s discourse analysis that is the way the genealogy of
discourse is created to govern society as well as Jean Francois Lyotard’s chronophobia
that is to go beyond the usual cons traints of time. As a whole, annealing recreates
a viewpoint to increase conductivity or virginity and decreases resis tivity or changed
reality. The reversed chronological order of the novel contributes to the annealing
process by which the recreation of haunted his tory and cultural memory is achieved,
so that, the original manner of the circums tance is obtained. This paper is an attempt
to reveal Martin Amis’s selected novels as the process of a dynamic trend by which
the original condition is recreated as a result of being s tuck in the social circulation.
The character circulates in the process of society and achieves a new acquired being.
Conclusion: The trend of annealing, as a means, causes both the natural and artificial
achieved issues as the acquired beings to be recreated again to reach the primordial
situation. Based on Foucault and Lyotard, conditions are created and recreated
by being situated in social relationships. The created zenith of pos tmodern haunted
his tory and cultural memory is either recreated or removed through the process of either
reversed or forward chronological order as annealing. The dynamic return to life
in the form of death in Amis’s novels is done automatically as the result of the recreated
conditions by the pos tmodern society that can be predictable. The main characters
of both novels have a return from death to life or form the synthesized identity to the original identity through the process of annealing as a result of resonance.
