مدلسازي عملكرد گندم با استفاده از برخي خصوصيات خاك در مقياس مزرعه (مطالعه موردي: مزرعه تحقيقاتي سد سيستان، دانشگاه زابل)

Modeling wheat yield using some soil properties at the field scale (Case study: Sistan dam research farm, university of Zabol

ﻣﺪلﻫﺎي ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن زراﻋﯽ از ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎي ﻣﻬﻢ ﻣﺪﻟﺴﺎزيﻫﺎي اﮐﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮏ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ زﯾﺮا اﯾﻦ ﻣﺪلﻫﺎ اﻣﮑﺎن ﭘﯿﺶﺑﯿﻨﯽ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎي ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ و اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻓﻬﻢ درﺑﺎره ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﯽ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد آﻧﻬﺎ را ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻣﯽآورد. ﮔﻨﺪم ﯾﮑﯽ از ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت زراﻋﯽ ﮐﻠﯿﺪي اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ در ﺳﺮاﺳﺮ ﺟﻬﺎن ﮐﺸﺖ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد، ﻟﺬا ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﮋﯾﮏ اﻫﻤﯿﺖ وﯾﮋهاي دارد و اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪف ﻣﺪﻟﺴﺎزي ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﮔﻨﺪم ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯿﺎت ﺧﺎك و ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻧﻤﻮدن ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮرﻫﺎي ﺧﺎﮐﯽ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ در ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﮔﻨﺪم در ﻣﺰرﻋﻪ آﻣﻮزﺷﯽ و ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎﺗﯽ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه زاﺑﻞ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري از ﺧﺎك ﺳﻄﺤﯽ )30 – 0 ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯽﻣﺘﺮي( ﺻﻮرت ﮔﻔﺖ و ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺧﺎك، واﮐﻨﺶ ﺧﺎك، ﻫﺪاﯾﺖ اﻟﮑﺘﺮﯾﮑﯽ، ﻫﺪاﯾﺖ اﻟﮑﺘﺮﯾﮑﯽ ﻇﺎﻫﺮي ﺧﺎك، ﮐﺮﺑﻦ آﻟﯽ، ﻓﺴﻔﺮ، ﭘﺘﺎﺳﯿﻢ و ازت ﺧﺎك ﺑﺎ روشﻫﺎي اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد در ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ اﻧﺪازه ﮔﯿﺮي ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﯿﺎه ﮔﻨﺪم از ﭘﻼت ﯾﮏ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ ﺷﺪ و وزن داﻧﻪ، وزن ﮐﻞ و وزن ﻫﺰار داﻧﻪ اﻧﺪازهﮔﯿﺮي ﺷﺪ. ﻣﺪﻟﺴﺎزي ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ روش رﮔﺮﺳﯿﻮﻧﯽ ﺧﻄﯽ ﭼﻨﺪﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮه، ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻋﺼﺒﯽ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﯽ ﭘﺮﺳﭙﺘﺮون و ﻣﺎﺷﯿﻦﻫﺎي ﺑﺮدار ﭘﺸﺘﯿﺒﺎن اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮرﻫﺎي ﺧﺎك ﻣﻮﺛﺮ در ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﮔﻨﺪم در اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ از آﻧﺎﻟﯿﺰ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿﺖ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﻣﺪلﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده در ﭘﯿﺶﺑﯿﻨﯽ اﺟﺰاء ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﮔﻨﺪم ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از وﯾﮋﮔﯽﻫﺎي ﺧﺎك ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺿﺮﯾﺐ ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ و ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ رﯾﺸﻪ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ ﻣﺮﺑﻊﻫﺎي ﺧﻄﺎ در ﺗﺨﻤﯿﻦ ﻫﺮ ﺳﻪ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﮔﻨﺪم ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ روش ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻋﺼﺒﯽ ﭘﺮﺳﭙﺘﺮون ﺑﻮد )وزن داﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺿﺮﯾﺐ ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ 0/61، وزن ﻫﺰار داﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺿﺮﯾﺐ ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ 0/64 و ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﮐﻞ ﺑﺎ ﺿﺮﯾﺐ ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ 0/76(. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ آﻧﺎﻟﯿﺰ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿﺖ اﺟﺰاء ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﮔﻨﺪم ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ در ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﻧﯿﺘﺮوژن، رس و ﻣﺎده آﻟﯽ و ﺳﯿﻠﺖ ﺧﺎك داراي ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ و واﮐﻨﺶ ﺧﺎك ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮﮔﺬاري ﺑﺮ اﺟﺰاء ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﮔﻨﺪم را داﺷﺘﻪاﻧﺪ، دارد.

Crop yield modeling is an important part of ecological modeling because it makes possible plant production prediction and increase understanding of how it works. In other words, plant and crop growth simulation and yield modeling are mathematical expressions of plant growth stages and processes under the influence of environmental and managerial factors. Wheat is one of the key crops grown worldwide and is a source of nourishment for millions of people around the world. Therefore, studying this strategic crop is very importance. On the other hand, more than 70% of wheat and 84% of barley in Sistan and Baluchestan province were produced in Sistan plain and wheat has the highest area under cultivation among different crops, in this arid region. So, the aim of this study was modeling wheat yield with some soil characteristics and determination of the most important soil factors affecting wheat yield in the Sistan plain. Materials and Methods This research was done in the educational and research farm of University of Zabol. Topsoil (0-30 cm) sampling of 100 soil sample was done randomly. Clay, silt, sand abundances and soil texture class, soil pH, electrical conductivity, apparent electrical conductivity of soil, organic carbon, phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen were measured by conventional methods. Wheat plant samples were taken from a one m2 plot and the grain weight, 1000-grain weight and total weight were measured. Performance modeling was performed by three methods of multi-linear regression (MLR), multi-layer perceptron (MLP) and support vector machines (SVMs) by two kernels types linear (SVM-L) and radial basic function (SVM-RBF). It should be noted, before modeling, 80% of the data were selected for modeling (or training) and 20% for testing (or validation) of the models. These data (training and validation) were the same for all models. Coefficient of determination (R2) and the root mean square error (RMSE) were the criteria for comparing the models. Sensitivity analysis was used to determine the most important soil factors affecting wheat yield. Results and Discussion The results of soil properties analyses showed that the soil of this area is non-saline and alkaline soil, has a medium to coarse soil texture and the soil fertility conditions are poor to moderate. The results of comparing the models showed that the highest R2 and the lowest RMSE in estimating all three wheat yield indices were related to the MLP method (grain weight with R2= 0.61, 1000-grain weight with R2= 0.64 and total yield with R2= 0.76). After MLP, with less difference, the SVMs method with two kernels types of linear (grain weight with R2= 0.54, 1000-grain weight with R2= 0.44 and total yield with R2= 0.65) and radial basic function (grain weight with R2= 0.48, 1000-grain weight with R2= 0.58 and total yield with R2= 0.67) showed the better modeling and finally the MLR (grain weight with R2= 0.20, 1000-grain weight with R2= 0.27 and total yield with R2= 0.40) showed the lowest accuracy in modeling the yield components of wheat. The results of sensitivity analysis of wheat yield components showed that total soil nitrogen, clay, silt and soil organic matter had the highest on wheat yield components (grain weight: nitrogen, clay and organic matter; 1000-grain weight: nitrogen, silt and clay; and total yield: clay, organic matter and nitrogen) and soil pH had the least effect on it, maybe because of its low variation. Conclusion Due to harsh environmental conditions in the arid regions, the study of crops yield is very important for the optimal management of facilities and resources. Investigating the application of several wheat yield modeling methods using some soil characteristics in the arid region of Sistan showed that the perceptron neural network (MLP) performed better in predicting the yield components of wheat than other models. Also, some chemical and physical properties of soil that affect the soil fertility and water storage conditions in the soil (soil nitrogen, organic matter, clay and silt contents), were the most affecting factors on the yield of wheat in this arid region. It is important to note that attention to other soil properties as well as climatic parameters and studies and monitoring wheat yield for several years can lead to more accurate modeling of this strategic crop and thus optimal farm management.