زوال مجازات مرگ و تبيين هاي جامعه شناختي

Abiloition of the death penalty and sociological explanations

ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ي ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺷﺮﺣﯽ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺮ ﻧﺴﺦ ﻣﺠﺎزاتِ ﻣﺮگ در ﺟﻬﺎن ﻣﺪرن و ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻧﻈﺮﮔﺎهﻫﺎي ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮن ﺑﺮاي اﯾﻦ زوال ﭘﯿﺶ ﮐﺸﯿﺪه اﻧﺪ. ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎظ روش ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ در اﯾﻦ ﮐﺎر روش ﻣﺮور ادﺑﯿﺎت ﻧﯿﻤﻪﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر دﺳﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪي رواﯾﺖﻫﺎي ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺨﺶ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ ﺳﺖ از ﻣﺠﺎزات ﻣﺮگ در ﺟﻬﺎنِ ﭘﯿﺸﺎ ﻣﺪرن و ﺑﺨﺶ دوم ﺑﺎزﺧﻮاﻧﯽ روﻧﺪ رو ﺑﻪ اﻓﻮل ﻣﺠﺎزات ﻣﺮگ در ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﻣﺪرن. ﺑﺨﺶ ﺳﻮم ﺳﻨﺦﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﺗﺌﻮريﻫﺎي ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽاي اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ دﺳﺖ در ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ اﯾﻦ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺑﺮدهاﻧﺪ. ﮔﺮوه ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﮐﺎرﮐﺮدﮔﺮاﯾﺎن ﻣﻠﻬﻢ از دورﮐﻬ ﺎﯾﻢ اَﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ رﯾﺸﻪ ي ا ﻓﻮل ﻣﺠﺎزات ﻣﺮگ را در ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺳﻨﺦ اﻧﺴﺠﺎمِ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﻣﯽ داﻧﻨﺪ. ﮔﺮوه دوم ، ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎن ﻣﺎرﮐﺴﯿﺴﺘﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ ﻣﺠﺎزات ﻣﺮگ ﻣﯽ -ﭘﺮدازﻧﺪ، دﺳﺘﻪ ي ﺳﻮم اﺻﺤﺎب ﻗﺪرت اﻧﺪﯾﺶِ ﻓﻮﮐﻮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮژي ﻗﺪرت ﻣﺴﻠﻂِ ﻋﺼﺮ را ﻣﺴﻮول ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎرﮔﯿﺮي و ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎرﻧﺎﮔﯿﺮي ﻣﺠﺎزات ﻣﺮگ ﻣﯽ ﺧﻮاﻧﻨﺪ. دﺳﺘﻪ ي ﭼﻬﺎرم ﮐﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮي ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ را ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ِﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮي داﻧﺴﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ و ﺑﺮ اﯾﻦ ﺑﺎورﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮارﺳﯿﺪن ﻋﺼﺮ ِ ﻣﺪرن، ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرِ اﺣﺴﺎﺳﺎت آدﻣﯿﺎن دﭼﺎر ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺷﺪه و اﻧﺴﺎن ﻣﺪرن ﻫﺎﺑﯿﺘﻮﺳﯽ دﯾﮕﺮﮔﻮن ر ا ﭘﺮوراﻧﺪه و رﻓﺘﺎر ﺑﺎ ﺑﺪن ِﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎن، ﻣﻌﻨﺎﯾﯽ ﺗﺎز ه ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ . ﺗﺌﻮري ﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻤﺮﮐﺰ ﺑﺮ آن ﻫﺎ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻫﺎدي ﮐﻨﺶ ﻫﺎ و ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﮔﺬاري ﻫﺎي ﺟﺰاﯾﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺷﯿﻮ هي اﻧﺪﯾﺸﯿﺪن ﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺠﺎزات ﻣﺮگ، ﺷﯿﻮ ه ي ﮐﺎرﺑﺴﺖ آن ر ا ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺳﺎزد

The forward text is a description of abolition and termination of death penalty in the modern world and explanations that different sociological views are drawn to this decline. The first part is the death penalty in pre modern world, a world that can be considered as the age of death penalty, the second section is about the fall of this kind of punishment in human societies. The third part is about the typology of sociological theory that has been explaining this change. In this text we will talk about four types of theory, functionalist theory, political economy of the death penalty, Foucauldian theory and finally culturalist theory. The fourth category, however, are those that explain such change with the help of culture and believe that gradually in the modern world, structure of the feelings of human beings have changed, and the modern human beings nourished another, and therefore, the behavior with the body of criminals finds new meaning and form.