تحليل انتقادي مواجهة نظري روشنفكران عصر مشروطه با مفهوم قانون با تكيه بر بنيان‌هاي فلسفي قانون مدرن

Critical Analysis of Intellectuals’ Theoretical Confrontation with Concept of Law Based on Philosophical Foundations of Modern Law

در مواجهة ايرانيان با تجدد، يكي از راهبردهاي اساسي روشنفكران ايراني، اصلاح نظام حقوقي مبتني بر وارد كردن ايدة «قانون» بود. قانون به‌مثابة هستة بنيادين نظام حقوقي مدرن، امر خودآيين و خودبنياد است كه مظهر آزادي و خودآييني انسان جديد تلقي مي‌شود كه فيلسوفان عصر روشنگري به تفسير آن پرداخته‌اند. از طرف ديگر، روشنفكران ايراني در جست‌وجوي علل عقب‌ماندگي ايران و پيشرفت كشورهاي غرب به نتيجه رسيدند كه تنها راه‌حل مشكلات ايران در يك كلمه و آن هم قانون قرار دارد. بر اين اساس مسئلة اصلي مقاله حاضر اين است كه آيا روشنفكران ايراني مواجهة صحيح و اصيلي از مفهوم قانون مدرن داشته‌اند يا خير؟ به‌منظور پاسخگويي به پرسش مذكور از طريق روش تحليلي- تطبيقي اين نتيجه به‌دست آمد كه سه رويكرد «تبديل شريعت به قانون»،‌ «تكميل و تعاون شرع و قانون» و «تعارض ميان شرع و قانون» در رابطه با نسبت شرع و قانون پديد آمده است كه مواجهة نظري دو رويكرد نخست نسبت به قانون بدون تحقق بنيادها و پشتوانة فلسفي و معرفتي مفهوم قانون شكل گرفته و از پس اين نگاه، به جمع و سازگاري ظاهري ميان قانون و شريعت حكم شده است، درحالي‌كه جمع ميان قانون به‌ عنوان امري خودبنياد و شريعت به‌ عنوان امري دگربنياد و خدامحور، به لحاظ فلسفي، جمعي محال و ممتنع به‌نظر مي‌رسد.

Modification of legal system based on implementing “law” idea, was among fundamental approaches of Iranian intellectuals during the confrontation with modernity. Law as the radical core of modern legal system is a self-autonomy and self-founded item considered as the symbol of freedom and self-autonomy of modern human which philosophers of Age of Enlightenment have interpreted it. On the other hand, Iranian intellectuals in their researches about Iran's backwardness and advancements of Western countries have concluded that “law” is the only solution for all problems in Iran. The main purpose of the present study is to investigate what is analysis of Iranian intellectuals when confronting modern law? Whether Iranian intellectuals have accurately and correctly confronted with concept of modern law? To answer the above questions through analytical-comparative method, it has been concluded that three approaches of “similarity of religion and law”, “completion and cooperation of religion by law” and “conflict between religion and law” have been created about the relationship between religion and law. Theoretical confrontation of two approaches formed in relation with law without realization of bases, philosophical and cognitional support of law concept, and beyond this perspective consistency and convergence between religion and law have been achieved. Although consistency between law as a self-founded item and religion as an other-founded and God-centered item is philosophically impossible.