كليدواژه :
هنر گچ بري , باغ اكبريه , بيرجند , دوره قاجاريه
چكيده فارسي :
يكي از ويژگي هاي مهم هنر گچ بري طرح و نقش آنها است. بي ترديد، سطوح ديوارها را مي توان در دسترس ترين بستر انعكاس تفكرات مردمان گذشته به شمار آورد. عينا بدين سبب است كه گچ بري ها و ساير تزيينات مورداستفاده در بناها را شاهد بي بديل ادوار فرهنگي گذشته به شمار آورده اند. در دوره ي قاجار امور تشريفاتي و تجمل گرايي رواج بيشتري يافت، تاآنجاكه حاكمان محلي نيز مانند حكومت مركزي براي خود عمارت هايي مجلل و باشكوه احداث مي كردند كه ازجمله مي توان به باغ و عمارت اكبريه و رحيم آباد بيرجند اشاره كرد. باغ و عمارت اكبريه به عنوان سكونتگاه طبقه ي حاكم، ويژگي هاي معماري و هنري متعددي دارد كه يكي از مهم ترين آنها انبوهي از تزيينات گچ بري است. بخش هاي مسكوني، پذيرايي و حوضخانه، با توجه به نوع كاركردشان از جالب توجه ترين بخش هاي تزييني به شمار مي روند. عمارت مركزي تزيينات گچ بري خاص و منحصربه فردي دارد كه از لحاظ نقش مايه هندسي، گياهي و حيواني قابل توجه است. باغ و عمارت رحيم آباد يكي از بناهاي قاجاريه ي بيرجند است. نكته ي حايزاهميت در اين بنا غناي نقوش گچ بري آن است. اين پژوهش قصد دارد به روش تطبيقي به مطالعه ي نقوش گچ بري اين دو عمارت بپردازد. گردآوري اطلاعات به شيوه ي كتابخانه اي و ميداني بوده و نقوش اين عمارت ها موردمطالعه قرار گرفته است. يافته هاي پژوهش نشان داد نقوش اين عمارت ها با مضامين و تكنيك هاي گچ بري يكساني كار شده اند اما غناي تزيينات و گچ بري هاي باغ رحيم آباد نسبت به نقوش و تزيينات باغ اكبريه بيشتر است و نوع نقوش آن ازنظر تكنيك اجرا و مضامين، روند پيشرفته تري را طي كرده به طوري كه در عمارت رحيم آباد بيشتر نقوش تاثير غرب را منعكس مي كنند و نقوش گياهي فراوان تر شده اند. همچنين استفاده از سرديس هاي حيواني در اين عمارت ديده مي شود.
چكيده لاتين :
Introduction
During the Qajar period, ceremonial affairs and luxuries became more popular, so much so that local rulers, like the central government, built luxurious buildings for themselves, including the Akbariyeh Garden and buildings and Rahimabad Birjand. Akbariyeh Garden and buildings as a residential area dedicated to the ruling class has many architectural and artistic features. One of the most important features and characteristics of this building is the existence of a large number of plaster molding decorations. In the central building, it has special and unique plaster molding decorations that are significant in terms of motifs, including geometric, plant and animal motifs. Rahimabad garden and mansion is one of the buildings of the Qajar period in Birjand. Therefore, it is important that the plaster designs of this mansion are rich In these mansions, designs with the same themes, but the richness of the decorations and plaster molding of Rahimabad Garden is much better than the designs and decorations of Akbariyeh Garden, and the type of designs has gone through a more advanced process in terms of execution techniques and themes. As in Rahimabad structure, most of the motifs reflect the influence of the Western architectural elements and plant motifs have become more abundant, we also have the use of animal heads in this mansion.
Materials and Methods
This research has been done by comparative method, its compilation and information have been prepared from field studies (collecting documents by photographing and visiting the Akbarieh and Rahimabad gardens and designing patterns by software Corel).
Results
From the obtained results, we can mention the variety of decorations, simplicity and use of the naturalistic aspect of some decorative designs, the use of the symbolic role of animals, the emphasis on symmetry and statics. and the execution of the plastering technique (compared to Akbariyeh mansion) can be seen. In this mansion, the plastering forms are completely three-dimensional and we try our best to execute the details of the designs and we have plastering pearls in the execution of the mirror frame in this mansion. The example of the mirror frame in Rahimabad mansion was colored and around the mirror frame is a crescent arch with a combination of plastering and mirror work.
Conclusion
According to the studies carried out in the garden of birjand garden, different designs: animal, plant and geometric have been used. What is received with an overview of the collection of decorations in the central house of birjand garden is benefiting from visual quality in order to achieve excellence and finally beauty. Symmetric configuration in some designs of central edifice is a sign of the artist's goal to achieve balance and harmony. In general, the features of decorative motifs of the central edifice of birjand garden are: use of prolific and mirror decorations in the ceiling, composition of mirror decorations, using animal, plant and geometric motifs and decorative columns. In some of the patterns, there is a combination of geometric motifs and birds. Diversity of plant and geometric motifs beside motifs with abstract motifs is another characteristic of this building. the motifs of this edifice are not merely decorative aspects but also their symbolic aspects are also considered .also the motifs of birds used in the hall of this edifice are indicative of their sanctity. Motifs of birds that have been considered in the hall of this building show that most of the motifs have been performed by casting method and shaving. Geometric shapes to adorn and frame the motifs in the mirror decorations of this house sometimes appear to have a harmonious rhythm and sometimes with a single repetition in length or width of a geometric pattern. Rhythm and movement are the most obvious characteristics of the motifs in this edifice, which are not static and dry and yet dynamic and dynamic. In the decorative motifs of rahimabad mansion, to the culmination of the diversity and skill of design and implementation of the avant-garde technique in this edifice the frames are quite three - dimensional and the attempt is made to carry out the details of the designs and we have the pearls in the frame of the mirrors .also, a mirror frame model is colored in rahimabad mansion, and around the mirror frame a crescent - shaped mirror is seen by combination of mirrors and mirrors.
