تحمل به خشكي ارقام زراعي نخود ( .Cicer arietinum L)در مرحله گياهچه و بلوغ

Drought tolerance of chickpea varieties (Cicer arietinum L.) in seedling and adult stages

ﺗﻨﺶ ﺧﺸﮑﯽ از ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺤﺪودﮐﻨﻨﺪه در ﮔﺴﺘﺮش و زادآوري ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن در ﻧﻈﺎمﻫﺎي ﮐﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ، ﮐﻪ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﯾﻦ راﻫﮑﺎر ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ آن ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ارﻗﺎم ﻣﻘﺎوم و ﺳﺎزﮔﺎر ﺑﺎ ﺗﻨﺶ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺑﺪﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺑﺎ اﻧﺠﺎم آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﯽ در ﺳﺎل زراﻋﯽ 93-94، ﻋﮑﺲاﻟﻌﻤﻞ 5 رﻗﻢ ﻧﺨﻮد زراﻋﯽ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ 3 رﻗﻢ ﮐﺎﺑﻠﯽ )آرﻣﺎن، آزاد و ILC482( و2 رﻗﻢ دﺳﯽ)ﭘﯿﺮوز و ﮐﺎﮐﺎ( ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﺶ ﺧﺸﮑﯽ ﺗﺤﺖ 5 ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﯿﻞ آب )0 ، 3- ، 6- ، 9- و 12- ﺑﺎر(، ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﭘﻠﯽاﺗﯿﻠﻦ ﮔﻠﯿﮑﻮل 6000 ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﮕﺎﻫﯽ ﺑﺼﻮرت ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮرﯾﻞ در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻃﺮح ﮐﺎﻣﻼً ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ در 3 ﺗﮑﺮار ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. اﯾﻦ ارﻗﺎم در ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﻣﺰرﻋﻪ، در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻃﺮح ﺑﻠﻮكﻫﺎي ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ ﺑﺎ 4 ﺗﮑﺮار در ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﮐﺸﺎورزي ﮐﺮدﺳﺘﺎن ﻣﻮرد ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺑﻪدﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ ﺑﯿﻦ وﯾﮋﮔﯽﻫﺎي اﻧﺪازهﮔﯿﺮي ﺷﺪه ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﮕﺎه و ﻣﺰرﻋﻪ، رواﺑﻂ ﻣﻌﻨﯽداري وﺟﻮد دارد. در ﻣﯿﺎن ارﻗﺎم ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻓﻘﻂ ارﻗﺎم دﺳﯽ )ﭘﯿﺮوز و ﮐﺎﮐﺎ( در ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﯿﻞﻫﺎي ) 9-( و )12-( ﺑﺎر ﺟﻮاﻧﻪزﻧﯽ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﯽ را ﻧﺸﺎن دادﻧﺪ. ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ از ﻟﺤﺎظ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺗﻨﺶ ﺧﺸﮑﯽ در ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺟﻮاﻧﻪزﻧﯽ و ﮔﯿﺎﻫﭽﻪ ﺑﺮ ارﻗﺎم ﮐﺎﺑﻠﯽ ﺑﺮﺗﺮي ﻣﻌﻨﯽداري داﺷﺘﻨﺪ. در ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﯿﻞ از ﺻﻔﺮ ﺑﻪ )6-( ﺑﺎر، ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ اﺧﺘﻼف در ﮐﻠﯿﻪ ﺻﻔﺎت دﯾﺪه ﺷﺪ. ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺗﻌﺪاد روز ﺗﺎ ﮔﻠﺪﻫﯽ، روز ﺗﺎ رﺳﯿﺪﮔﯽ و ﺗﻌﺪاد داﻧﻪ در ﺑﻮﺗﻪ، ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ رﻗﻢ ﮐﺎﮐﺎ و ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد داﻧﻪ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ رﻗﻢ آرﻣﺎن ﺑﻮد. ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ ﮐﻼﺳﺘﺮ ﺑﺎ دادهﻫﺎي آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﮕﺎﻫﯽ و ﻣﺰرﻋﻪاي، ﻗﺮاﺑﺖ ارﻗﺎم ﮐﺎﺑﻠﯽ )ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﻧﺰدﯾﮑﯽ ارﻗﺎم آزاد و ILC482( و ﺻﻠﻪ ژﻧﺘﯿﮑﯽ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ارﻗﺎم دﺳﯽ را ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺎن ﺳﺎﺧﺖ.

Drought stress is one of the most important limiting factors in the expansion and regeneration of plants in the agricultural systems and natural environment, which the best way to deal with it is to introduce cultivars resistant to stress. For this purpose, by experimenting in the 2015 -2016 cropping year, the response of 5 cultivars of chickpea including 3 Kabuli cultivars (Arman, Azad and ILC482) and 2 Desi cultivars (Pirooz and Kaka) to drought stress resistance under 5 levels of water potential (0, -3, -6, -9 and -12 times), using 6000 polyethylene glycol in the laboratory in a factorial design in a completely randomized design with 3 replications. Cultivars were evaluated in field conditions in the form of a randomized complete block design with 4 replications at the research site of the Kurdistan Agricultural Research Center. The results showed that there are significant relationships between the characteristics measured in laboratory and field conditions. Among the studied cultivars, only Desi cultivars showed good germination potentials in (-9) and (-12) times. Therefore, in terms of drought stress tolerance at the germination stage, they had a significant advantage over Kabuli cultivars. In reducing the potential from zero to (-6) times, the greatest difference was seen in all traits. The highest number of days to flowering, day to maturity and the number of seeds per plant belonged to Kaka cultivar and the highest grain yield belonged to Arman cultivar. Cluster analysis revealed the similarity of Kabuli cultivars and their genetic distance from Desi cultivars.