راﻫﺒﺮدﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﺎرﮐﺖ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ در ﻣﯿﺎن ﻓﻌﺎﻻن زن، ﻣﻌﻠﻢ، داﻧﺸﺠﻮ و ﮐﺎرﮔﺮ

Strategy for Political Participation among Women, Teachers, Students and Labor activists

در اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ راﻫﺒﺮد ﻣﺸﺎرﮐﺖ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ در ﻣﯿﺎن ﮐﻨﺸﮕﺮان ﭼﻬﺎر ﺣﻮزه ﻣﻌﻠﻤﯽ، داﻧﺸﺠﻮﯾﯽ، زﻧﺎن و ﮐﺎرﮔﺮي ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﯿﻢ. ﺳﺆال ﻣﺤﻮري اﯾﻦ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﮐﻨﺸﮕﺮان ﭼﻪ راﻫﺒﺮدﻫﺎﯾﯽ را ﺑﺮاي دﺳﺘﯿﺎﺑﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﺎﺗﺸﺎن در ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﻧﻈﺎم ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﭘﯿﺶ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ. ﺑﺪﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر از ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺎت دﻣﻮﮐﺮاﺗﯿﮏﺳﺎزي و اﻧﻌﻄﺎفﭘﺬﯾﺮي اﻗﺘﺪارﮔﺮاﯾﯽ ﺳﻮد ﺑﺮدﯾﻢ. ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻤﻊ آوري دادهﻫﺎي ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ، از روش ﮐﯿﻔﯽ و ﻣﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪﻫﺎي ﻧﯿﻤﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺎ 22 ﻧﻔﺮ از ﻓﻌﺎﻻن ﭼﻬﺎر ﺣﻮزه ﻣﻨﺘﺨﺐ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮐﺮدﯾﻢ و ﺑﺎ ﮐﻤﮏ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻣﺤﺘﻮاي ﺗﻤﺎﺗﯿﮏ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ وﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻣﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﻫﺎ ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﯿﻢ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﻨﺪ ﮐﻨﺸﮕﺮان از ﭼﻬﺎر راﻫﺒﺮد 1- رواﺑﻂ ﺣﺴﻨﻪ ﯾﺎ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺎﮐﻤﯿﺖ، 2- ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺣﺎﮐﻤﯿﺖ، 3- ﺑﺎزﺳﺎزي دروﻧﯽ ﭘﺲ از وﻗﻮع ﺳﺮﮐﻮب و 4- اﺋﺘﻼف اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ. ﮐﻨﺸﮕﺮان ﮔﺎه ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻫﻢ زﻣﺎن و ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﯽ ﭼﻨﺪ راﻫﺒﺮد را ﺑﮑﺎر ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ و ﯾﺎ در ﻃﻮل زﻣﺎن، راﻫﺒﺮدﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت را در ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ زﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺣﺎﮐﯽ از آن اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺸﮑﻞﻫﺎ اﺑﺘﺪا ﻣﺬاﮐﺮه ﺑﺎ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻻن را آزﻣﻮن ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ، ﺳﭙﺲ ﻣﺴﯿﺮ اﺷﮑﺎل ﻏﯿﺮرﺳﻤﯽ ﮐﻨﺸﮕﺮي را ﻃﯽ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪﺑﺮﻧﺪ. ﺑﺎﻻ رﻓﺘﻦ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ، ﮐﻨﺸﮕﺮان را وادار ﺑﻪ ﭘﻨﻬﺎنﮐﺎري ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖﻫﺎﯾﺸﺎن ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ. درواﻗﻊ ﮐﻨﺸﮕﺮان در زﻣﺎﻧﻪاي ﮐﻪ ﻓﺮﺻﺖ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ وﺟﻮد دارد از آن ﺑﻬﺮه ﻣﯽﺑﺮﻧﺪ و در زﻣﺎﻧﻪي ﻋﺴﺮت و اﻧﺴﺪاد ﻓﻀﺎي ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ ﻣﯿﺎن ﮐﻨﺶﻫﺎي رﺳﻤﯽ و غيررﺳﻤﯽ ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ.

This study aims at examining strategies of political participation of four varied groups, namely teachers, students, women, and laborers. Drawing on theories of formal/informal political actions, the paper has interrogated the political strategies actors employ to realize their claims within the broader political scene. This includes theories of democratization and authoritarian resilience. In order to gather data, the study uses qualitative methods and semi-structured interview. In this light, 22 political activists from different groups were interviewed. Following this, thematic content analysis came along to assess the findings. Accordingly, four different strategies have been recognized, that is rapprochement or negotiating with state, resisting against state, renewal and reconstructing the organization after repression, and finally making coalition with other groups. However, these strategies should not be considered as completely separated way of acting in the political scene. Quite contrary, actors more often employ the combination of these varied strategies. Furthermore, it seems that political organizations have a kind of sequence beginning with contacting and negotiating with statesman. Next step would be more informal way of action (legal or illegal) which is not without consequences. These consequences make political activists more cautious and lead them toward informal and underground activities including establishing non-registered groups and individual or collective sporadic activities.