فهم خانه‌داري به عنوان يك شغل و چالش‌هاي آن از منظر زنان خانه دار شهر قم

Understanding the housekeeping as a Job and it's challenges from the perspective of housewives in Qom.

زﻧﺎن ﻫﻤﯿﺸﻪ و ﻫﻤﻮاره در ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ و ﺧﺎﻧﻪ داري ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ، ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ و زﺣﻤﺎت آﻧﺎن ﺑﻪ دﻟﯿﻞ ﺑﯽ ﻣﺰد ﺑﻮدن ﻣﻮرد ﻏﻔﻠﺖ ﻋﺎﻣﻪ ﻣﺮدم واﻗﻊ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. در اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﺎ روش ﮐﯿﻔﯽ و ﺑﺎ روﯾﮑﺮ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﮥ داده ﻣﺒﻨﺎ، ﺳﻌﯽ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﯿﻖ ﺑﺎ 22 زن، 20 ﺗﺎ 60 ﺳﺎل ﺳﺎﮐﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻫﺸﺖ ﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺷﻬﺮ ﻗﻢ، ﻓﻬﻢ آﻧﺎن از ﺧﺎﻧﻪ داري ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﯾﮏ ﺷﻐﻞ و ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻫﺎي آن، ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻗﺮار ﮔﯿﺮد. ﻃﺒﻖ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ اي ﮐﻪ زﻧﺎن ﺑﺎ آن روﺑﺮو ﺑﻮده اﻧﺪ، ﻫﻨﺠﺎرﻫﺎي ﻣﺮدﺳﺎﻻراﻧﮥ ﻧﻬﺎدﯾﻨﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻮده و دﻻﯾﻠﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ﮔﯿﺮي اﯾﻦ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ را ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮان در ﺗﺼﻮرات ﻗﺎﻟﺒﯽ و ﮐﻠﯿﺸﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻨﺴﯿﺘﯽ وﺗﺪاوم ﺳﻨﺖ ﻫﺎي ﭘﯿﺸﯿﻦ، ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﭘﺬﯾﺮي ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﻣﺮدان و زﻧﺎن، اﯾﺪﺋﻮﻟﻮژي ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﮐﺎر ﺟﻨﺴﯿﺘﯽ، ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎت اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﻣﺤﺪود زﻧﺎن و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﻋﺪم ارزش ﮔﺬاري ﮐﺎرﺧﺎﻧﮕﯽ ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ ﮐﺮد. اﯾﻦ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺷﺪه ﺗﺎ اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﮋي ﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﺎزاﻧﺪﯾﺸﯽ در ﻫﻨﺠﺎرﻫﺎي ﻣﺮدﺳﺎﻻراﻧﻪ، ﺗﺒﻌﯿﺾ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ، ﭘﺮورش ﻧﺴﻞ، ﻏﺮﺑﺎﻟﮕﺮي ﺳﻨﺖ ﻫﺎ، اﺧﺘﺼﺎص ﯾﺎراﻧﻪ، اراﺋﮥ ﺑﯿﻤﮥ راﯾﮕﺎن، ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺖ ﻣﺎﻟﯽ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ دوﻟﺖ، دﯾﺪه و ﺷﻨﯿﺪه ﺷﺪن ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﮐﺎرآﻓﺮﯾﻨﯽ اﯾﻨﺘﺮﻧﺘﯽ، از ﻣﻨﻈﺮ زﻧﺎن ﺟﻬﺖ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ و ﮐﻢ ﮐﺮدن ﻓﺸﺎر ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از اﯾﻦ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ راﻫﮕﺸﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.

Women in society have always been defined with home and housekeeping, and their activities and efforts have been ignored by the people because it's unpaid. In this qualitative method and with Grounded Theory approach, it has been tried to study in depth interviews with 22 women, 20 to 60 years old who live in Qom, to understand their understanding of housekeeping as a job and it's challenges. According to the research findings, the most important issue that women have faced is institutionalized patriarchal norms and the reasons that led to the formation of this problem can be found in stereotypes and gender stereotypes and continuation of previous traditions, different socialization of men and women, ideology of gender division of labor, the limited social communications of women, and the underestimation of domestic work. These challenges have led to strategies such as rethinking patriarchal norms, positive discrimination, training generation, screening traditions, cash subsidies, providing free insurance, government funding, being seen and heard by the community, and Internet entrepreneurship, to reduce the pressure of this challenge.