كليدواژه :
اﺳﺘﺮس ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯾﯽ , ﺑﺰ ﺳﺎﻧﻦ , ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﭘﺴﺘﻪ , تانن , تركيبات فنلي
چكيده فارسي :
ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ و ﻫﺪف: اﺧﯿﺮاً از ﻓﺮآوردهﻫﺎي ﻓﺮﻋﯽ ﭘﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ در ﺗﻐﺬﯾﮥ ﻧﺸﺨﻮارﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎن اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﯽﺷـﻮد. اﻣـﺎ ﺗﺎﻧﻦﻫﺎ و ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت ﻓﻨﻠﯽ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﻓﺮآوردهﻫﺎي ﻓﺮﻋﯽ ﭘﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت ﺿﺪﺗﻐﺬﯾﻪاي، اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از اﯾﻦ ﻓﺮآوردة ﻓﺮﻋﯽ ﮐﺸﺎورزي را در ﺟﯿﺮه ﻧﺸﺨﻮارﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎن ﻣﺤﺪود ﻣﯽﻧﻤﺎﯾﻨﺪ. ازاﯾﻦ رو، ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼـﺎن ﺗﻐﺬﯾـﻪ اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده از ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒـﺎت ﻣﺘﺼـﻞ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪه ﺑـﻪ ﺗـﺎﻧﻦ ﻣﺎﻧﻨـﺪ ﭘﻠﯽ اﺗﯿﻠﻦ ﮔﻠﯿﮑﻮل در ﺟﯿﺮهﻫﺎي ﺣﺎوي ﺗﺎﻧﻦ ﺑﺎﻻ را ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻪ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ. ﻫﻢﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﮐـﻪ ﺑﻨﺘﻮﻧﯿـﺖ ﺳـﺪﯾﻢ ﻧﯿـﺰ ﻣـﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧـﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺎده ﻏﯿﺮﻓﻌﺎلﮐﻨﻨﺪة ﺗﺎﻧﻦ در ﺗﻐﺬﯾﮥ ﻧﺸﺨﻮارﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎن ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﺑﮕﯿﺮد. ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ، اﯾـﻦ ﭘـﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑـﺮاي ارزﯾـﺎﺑﯽ ﺗـ ﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻣﮑﻤﻞﺳﺎزي ﭘﻠﯽ اﺗﯿﻠﻦ ﮔﻠﯿﮑﻮل ﯾﺎ ﺑﻨﺘﻮﻧﯿﺖ ﺳﺪﯾﻢ ﻓﻌﺎل ﺑﺮ ﻣﺼﺮف ﺧﻮراك، ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺣﯿﺎﺗﯽ، ﻓﺮاﺳﻨﺠﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﺑﯿﻮﺷـﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ و ﻫﻤـﺎﺗﻮﻟﻮژي ﺧﻮن ﺑﺰﻫﺎي ﺳﺎﻧﻦ ﺗﻐﺬﯾﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮآورده ﻫﺎي ﻓﺮﻋﯽ ﭘﺴﺘﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﻨﺶ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻮﺗﺎه ﻣﺪت اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. ﻣﻮاد و روشﻫﺎ: ﺗﻌﺪاد 15 رأس ﺑﺰ ﻧﺮ ﻧﮋاد ﺳﺎﻧﻦ در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﯾﮏ ﻃﺮح ﮐﺎﻣﻼً ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ ﮔـﺮوه ﺗﯿﻤـﺎري اﺧﺘﺼـﺎص ﯾﺎﻓـﺖ. اﯾـﻦ آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺪت 30 روز )25 روز ﺑﺮاي دوره ﻗﺒﻞ از ﺗﻨﺶ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯾﯽ و 5 روز در ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﺗﻨﺶ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯾﯽ( ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮل اﻧﺠﺎﻣﯿـﺪ. در ﮐـﻞ دورة آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ، ﺟﯿﺮه ﻫﺎي آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﯽ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ؛ 1- ﺟﯿﺮه ﺣﺎوي 30 درﺻﺪ ﻣﺎده ﺧﺸﮏ ﻓﺮآورده ﻓﺮﻋـﯽ ﭘﺴـﺘﻪ )ﮔـﺮوه ﺷـﺎﻫﺪ( 2- ﺟﯿـﺮه ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﻣﮑﻤﻞ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ ﭘﻠﯽاﺗﯿﻠﻦﮔﻼﯾﮑﻮل در ﺳﻄﺢ 1% ﻣﺎده ﺧﺸﮏ ﺟﯿﺮه )ﮔﺮوه PEG 3- ﺟﯿﺮه ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﻣﮑﻤﻞ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ ﺑﻨﺘﻮﻧﯿﺖ ﺳـﺪﯾﻢ ﻓﻌﺎل در ﺳﻄﺢ 1% ﻣﺎده ﺧﺸﮏ ﺟﯿﺮه )ﮔﺮوه ASB( ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺪازهﮔﯿﺮي ﻣﺼﺮف ﻣﺎده ﺧﺸﮏ، ﻣﯿﺰان ﺑﺎﻗﯽﻣﺎﻧﺪه ﺧﻮراك ﺑـ ﻪﻃـﻮر روزاﻧﻪ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺷﺪ. ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺪازهﮔﯿﺮي اﺳﯿﺪﯾﺘﻪ ﺷﮑﻤﺒﻪ در روز آﺧﺮ آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ و 2 ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﻣﺼﺮف ﺧـﻮراك ﺻـﺒﺢ اﺳـﯿﺪﯾﺘﻪ ﻣـﺎﯾﻊ ﺷﮑﻤﺒﻪ ﺑﺎ pH ﻣﺘﺮ ﺛﺒﺖ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. ﺑﺮاي ﺛﺒﺖ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺣﯿﺎﺗﯽ، ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺿﺮﺑﺎن ﻗﻠﺐ، ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺗﻨﻔﺲ )در ﯾﮏ دﻗﯿﻘﻪ( و دﻣﺎي رﮐﺘﻮم در ﺳﻪ روز آﺧﺮ آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ در دورة ﺗﻨﺶ ﻣﻮرد اﻧﺪازهﮔﯿﺮي ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ، در روز آﺧـﺮ آزﻣـﺎﯾﺶ، دو ﺳـﺮي ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪ ﺧـﻮن از رگ وداج جهت تعيين فراسنجه هاي بيوشيميايي و خونشناسي جمعآوري شد. داده‌ها با استفاده از رويۀ GLM و نرم‌افزار SAS 9.1 مورد آناليز آماري قرار گرفتند. تايج: نتايج آزمايش نشان داد كه ميزان مصرف خوراك در تيمار شاهد بالاتر بوده است (0/05>P). اسيديته شكمبه تحت تأثير تيمارها قرار نگرفت (0/05≤P). از نظر علائم حياتي، تعداد ضربان قلب و تنفس در تيمار PEG بالاتر از ساير تيمارها بوده است (0/050>P). بين تيمارها از نظر فراسنجههاي بيوشيميايي هيچ اختلاف معنيداري مشاهده نشد (0/05≤P). امّا از نظر فراسنجههاي خونشناسي، غلظت مونوسيت‌ها، ائوزينوفيل و فيبرينوژن در تيمار PEG كمتر از ساير تيمارها بوده است (0/05>P)، و همچنين فراسنجههاي هورموني نشان دادند كه غلظت كورتيزول در اين تيمار بالاتر از ساير گروه‌ها بود (0/05>P).ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪﮔﯿﺮي: در ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ دادهﻫﺎي ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪﮔﯿﺮي ﻣﯽﺷﻮد ﮐـﻪ اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده از ﺑﻨﺘﻮﻧﯿـﺖ ﺳـﺪﯾﻢ ﻓﻌـﺎل در ﺟﯿﺮهﻫﺎي ﺣﺎوي 30 درﺻﺪ ﻓﺮآوردهﻫﺎي ﻓﺮﻋﯽ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻐﺬﯾﮥ ﺑﺰﻫﺎي ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﻨﺶ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯾﯽ ﻣـﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧـﺪ ﺑـﺪون اﻋﻤـﺎل اﺛـﺮات ﻣﻨﻔـﯽ ﺑـﺮ ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮرﻫﺎي ﺣﯿﺎﺗﯽ و رﻓﺎه ﺣﯿﻮان، ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪودي ﺳﺒﺐ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻣﻮﻧﻮﺳﯿﺖ و ﺗﻘﻮﯾﺖ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ اﯾﻤﻨﯽ در اﯾﻦ ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﺎت ﮔﺮدد.
چكيده لاتين :
Recently, pistachio by-products (PBP) have been used to reduce production costs in ruminant nutrition. However, the tannins and phenolic compounds in PBP as anti-nutritional compounds limit the use of this agricultural by-product in ruminant diets. Therefore, nutritionists recommend the use of tannin-binding compounds such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) in diets with high tannins contain. It has also been shown that sodium bentonite can be used as a tannin inactivator in the diet of ruminants. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementation of polyethylene glycol or activated sodium bentonite (ASB) on feed intake, vital signs, biochemical and hematological parameters of Saanen goats fed pistachio by-products under heat stress.
Materials and Methods: Fifteen Saanen male goats were assigned to three treatment groups in a completely randomized design. The experimental period lasted 30 days (25 days for the period before heat stress and 5 days for heat stress). Three experimental diets consisted of a diet containing 30% DM pistachio by-products with no additive (control); the control diet supplemented with PEG at 1% of DM (PEG group), and the control diet supplemented with activated sodium bentonite at 1% of DM (ASB group). To measure dry matter intake, the amount of feed residue was recorded daily. Goats were also weighed at the end of each week to examine weight changes. To measure ruminal pH, on the last day of the experiment and 2 hours after morning feed consumption, ruminal pH was recorded with a pH meter. Heart rate, respiration rate (per minute), and rectal temperature were measured during the last three days of the stress period to record vital signs. Also, on the last day of the experiment, two series of blood samples (5 ml) were collected from the jugular vein to determine biochemical and hematological parameters. Data were statistically analyzed using GLM procedure and SAS 9.1 software.
Results: The results showed that the amount of DMI in the control treatment was higher than other groups (P <0.05). Rumen pH was not affected by treatments (P≤0.05). In terms of vital signs, heart rate and respiration in PEG treatment were higher than other treatments (P <0.05). No significant differences were observed between treatments in terms of blood biochemical parameters (P≤0.05). However, according to hematological parameters, the concentration of monocytes, eosinophils, and fibrinogen in PEG treatment were lower than other treatments (P <0.05). Besides, hormonal parameters showed that Cortisol concentration in PEG treatment was significantly higher than other groups (P <0.05).
Conclusion: In conclusion, the use of activated sodium bentonite in diets containing 30% PBP to feed goats under short-term heat stress can increase the monocyte concentration and strengthen the immune system in these animals without adversely affecting DMI, vital factors, and animal welfare.
