پديد آورندگان :
محسني، پريسا داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﻬﺮان - ﭘﺮدﯾﺲ ﮐﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ - گروه ﻋﻠﻮم و ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽ ﺧﺎك، , حيدري، احمد داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﻬﺮان - ﭘﺮدﯾﺲ ﮐﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ - گروه ﻋﻠﻮم و ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽ ﺧﺎك، , كشاورزي، علي داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﻬﺮان - ﭘﺮدﯾﺲ ﮐﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ - گروه ﻋﻠﻮم و ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽ ﺧﺎك، , ملكي قليچي، الناز داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﻬﺮان - ﭘﺮدﯾﺲ ﮐﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ - گروه ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽ ﻣﺎﺷﯿﻦ ﻫﺎي ﮐﺸﺎورزي
چكيده فارسي :
ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ و ﻫﺪف: اﯾﺮان ﺟﺰء ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺑﯿﺶﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﺰان ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪاي در ﺟﻬﺎن اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺑﺮآوردﻫﺎي اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﯽ از اﯾﻦ اﺛﺮات ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﻫﺎي ﮐﺸﺎورزي اﺳﺖ. روشﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﯽ ﺑﺮاي ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ اﺛﺮات ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺘﯽ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖﻫﺎي ﮐﺸﺎورزي وﺟﻮد دارد ﮐﻪ ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﺣﯿﺎت ﯾﮑﯽ از روشﻫﺎي ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ اﺛﺮات ﭘﺎﯾﺪاري اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي ﻓﺮآﯾﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. روشﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ اﺛﺮات ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﺣﯿﺎت و ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ اﺛﺮات ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖﻫﺎي ﮐﺸﺎورزي از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﮐﻼسﺑﻨﺪي و ﻣﺪلﺳﺎزي ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ و ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﯽ در ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎي ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ ﺧﺎك ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﯾﮏ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ در ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖﻫﺎي ﮐﺸﺎورزي در ﻣﺰرﻋﻪ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ. ﻫﺪف اﺻﻠﯽ از اﻧﺠﺎم و ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ، ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ آﺛﺎر زﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ذرت ﻋﻠﻮﻓﻪ اي ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روش ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﺣﯿﺎت )LCA( ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ و ﮐﻨﺘﺮل ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ اﯾﻦ اﺛﺮات اﺳﺖ.
ﻣﻮاد و روش ﻫﺎ: ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﺰرﻋﻪ آﻣﻮزﺷﯽ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﻬﺮان ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ 260 ﻫﮑﺘﺎر اﺳﺖ. اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﻣﻮرد ﻧﯿﺎز، از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﻣﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﺑﺎ ﮐﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎن ﻣﺰرﻋﻪ ﺟﻤﻊآوري ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. ﻣﯿﺰان ﻣﺼﺮف ﻧﻬﺎده ﻫﺎ و اﻧﺘﺸﺎر آﻻﯾﻨﺪه ﻫﺎ در ﭼﻨﺪ ﮔﺮوه ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ، اوﺗﺮﯾﻔﯿﮑﺎﺳﯿﻮن، اﺳﯿﺪي ﺷﺪن، ﻣﺴﻤﻮﻣﯿﺖ آبﻫﺎي ﺳﻄﺤﯽ و ﺗﺨﺮﯾﺐ ازون، دﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﺑﻪ ازاي ﯾﮏ واﺣﺪ ﮐﺎرﮐﺮدي )ﯾﮏ ﺗﻦ ذرت ﻋﻠﻮﻓﻪاي( ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ و ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ آن ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﺣﯿﺎت ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺷﺪ. ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﺣﯿﺎت ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﺮم اﻓﺰار ﺳﯿﻤﺎﭘﺮو اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ.
ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ: ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ )1(: ﺑﯿﺶﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺗﺨﺮﯾﺐ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺘﯽ ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ذرت ﻋﻠﻮﻓﻪاي ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﻤﻮﻣﯿﺖ آب ﻫﺎي ﺳﻄﺤﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺪار kg 1,4-DBeq 1/94 ×10-13 ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﮐﻮدﻫﺎي ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ وآﺑﯿﺎري ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ 1/331×10-13 و 4/96×10-14 DBeq ،kg-1,4 روي اﯾﻦ آﻻﯾﻨﺪﮔﯽ ﺑﯿﺶ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ اﺛﺮ را دارﻧﺪ، )2(: ﻣﻘﺪار ﺷﺎﺧﺺ زﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ 2/19 ×10-13 ﭘﻮﯾﻨﺖ ﯾﺎ 0/219 ﭘﯿﮑﻮﭘﻮﯾﻨﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ ﻧﺮﻣﺎل ﺷﺪه ﮔﺮوهﻫﺎي اﺛﺮ ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ذرت ﻋﻠﻮﻓﻪاي ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺿﺮب ﮐﺮدن ﻣﻘﺪار ﮐﻞ آﻻﯾﻨﺪﮔﯽ ﻫﺮ ﮔﺮوه اﺛﺮ در ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮرﻫﺎي ﻧﺮﻣﺎلﺳﺎزي و وزن دﻫﯽ ﻣﺨﺘﺺ ﻫﺮ ﮔﺮوه اﺛﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﻫﺮﭼﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار ﮐﻢﺗﺮ ﺷﺪه و ﺑﻪ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻧﺰدﯾﮏ ﺗﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ اﯾﻦﻃﻮر ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪﮔﯿﺮي ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد ﮐﻪ اﺛﺮات زﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺷﺪه ﻧﯿﺰ ﮐﻢ ﺗﺮ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﮔﯿﺮي: اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روش ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ ﻧﻈﺎم زراﻋﯽ ﻫﻢ ﭼﻮن ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد ﻧﻬﺎده ﻫﺎي آﻟﯽ، ﺗﻨﺎوب زراﻋﯽ، ﮐﺎﺷﺖ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ ﮐﻨﻨﺪه ﻧﯿﺘﺮوژن و ﺧﺎك ورزي ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ، ﺑﺮﻣﺒﻨﺎي ﺑﻬﺮه ﮔﯿﺮي از اﺻﻮل ﮐﻢ ﻧﻬﺎده ﺑﺮاي ﮐﺎﻫﺶ اﯾﻦ اﺛﺮات ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺘﯽ ﺿﺮوري اﺳﺖ. ﻫﻢ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب روش ﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ آﺑﯿﺎري و ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪ ﻣﺼﺮف آب ﺿﻤﻦ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﻣﺤﺼﻮل، ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﺪ اﺛﺮات ﺗﺨﺮﯾﺒﯽ زﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ اﯾﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت را ﮐﺎﻫﺶ دﻫﺪ
چكيده لاتين :
Background and objectives: Iran is one of the countries with the highest production of greenhouse gases in the world, which according to estimates is a significant part of these effects are related to agricultural activities. There are various methods for assessing the environmental impact of agricultural activities. Life cycle assessment is one of the methods for assessing the effects of sustainability that has been developed based on the product production process. Existing methods for assessing the effects of life cycle and determining the effects of agricultural activities are determined by classifying and modeling the evaluation and possible changes in soil quality indicators as a result of agricultural activities in the field. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the environmental effects of the forage maize production system using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method in order to better manage and control these effects.
Materials and methods: The study area is an educational farm of the University of Tehran with an area of 260 hectares. The required information was collected through interviews with field experts. The amount of inputs used and the emission of pollutants in several groups of effects including global warming, eutrophication, acidification, surface water poisoning and ozone depletion, classification per functional unit (one ton of forage corn) are determined and their effect on the exchange life cycle. Life cycle evaluation calculations were performed by Sima Pro software.
Results: The results showed that (1): The most environmental degradation due to forage maize production is related to surface water pollution with a value of 1.94×10-13 kg, 1,4-DBeq that chemical fertilizers and irrigation have the most effect on this pollution 1.33×10-13 and 4.96×10-14, kg 1,4-DBeq, respectively: (2): The value of the environmental index is 2.19×10-13 points or 0.219 picopoint. It was calculated that the normalized values of the effect groups are due to the production of fodder corn, which is calculated by multiplying the total amount of contamination of each effect group by the normalization and weighting factors, specific to each effect group. The lower the value and the closer it is to zero, the less environmental impact of the product is less.
Conclusion: Using different methods of crop management such as the use of organic inputs, rotation, nitrogen-fixing plants, and tillage, at least based on the using of low input principles to reduce these environmental effects and also by selecting appropriate methods of irrigation yield and optimal crop yield management environmental degradation reduced these operations. The solution that can be proposed and implemented to reduce the effects of this operation is to use different methods of crop management such as the use of organic inputs, rotation, nitrogen-fixing plants, and tillage at least, based on the use of minimizing principles to reduce these environmental effects. By selecting appropriate methods for irrigation and optimal management of water consumption while increasing crop yield, the environmentally destructive effects of this operation were reduced.
