طراﺣﯽ اﻟﮕﻮي رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي اﻧﺤﺮاﻓﯽ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﮐﺎرﮐﻨﺎن در ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺑﯿﻤﻪ اﯾﺮان

Designing a Model of Employees’ Positive Deviant Behaviors in Insurance Industry

ﻫﺪف: اﮔﺮﭼﻪ اﻧﺤﺮاف در ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﮐﺎر در اﮐﺜﺮ ﻣﻮارد از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺎﻫﯿﺘﯽ ﻣﺨﺮب اﺳﺖ، اﻣﺎ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺜﺒﺘﯽ ﻫﻢ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. در ﺳﺎل ﻫﺎي اﺧﯿﺮ ﺑﻪ دﻟﯿﻞ اﯾﻦ واﻗﻌﯿﺖ ﮐﻪ اﻧﺤﺮاف ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ اﯾﺠﺎد ﺗﻐﯿﯿـﺮات ﻣﺜﺒﺖ در ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﻫﺎ و ارﺗﻘﺎء ﻧﻮآوري ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺷﻮد، ﻋﻼﻗﻪ زﯾﺎدي ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻧﻮع اﻧﺤﺮاف در ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﻫﺎ دﯾﺪه ﺷـﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﻟﺬا اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪف ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ اﻟﮕﻮي رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي اﻧﺤﺮاﻓﯽ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﮐﺎرﮐﻨـﺎن در ﺻـﻨﻌﺖ ﺑﯿﻤـﻪ اﯾـﺮان اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. روش ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ: روﯾﮑﺮد ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ از ﻧﻮع ﮐﯿﻔﯽ اﺳـﺖ ﮐـﻪ ﺑـﺎ روش داده ﺑﻨﯿـﺎد ﻧﻈـﺎم ﻣﻨـﺪ اﺳـﺘﺮاوس و ﮐﻮرﺑﯿﻦ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﮔﺮدآوري داده ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﻧﯿﻤﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺎ 16 ﻣﺸـﺎرﮐﺖ ﮐﻨﻨـﺪه از7 ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺑﯿﻤﻪ اي اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. ﻣﺸﺎرﮐﺖ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎن از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ روش ﻫﺎي ﻫﺪﻓﻤﻨﺪ و ﮔﻠﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﺮﻓـﯽ اﻧﺘﺨـﺎب ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﺑﺮاي اﻋﺘﺒﺎرﺑﺨﺸﯽ، ازراﻫﺒﺮد زاوﯾﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي )ﻫﻤﺴﻮﺳﺎزي( اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ، ﺑﺮاي آزﻣﻮن ﭘﺎﯾـﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﻫﺎ از ﭘﺎﯾﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺎزآزﻣﻮن )ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺛﺒﺎت( و روش ﺗﻮاﻓﻖ درون ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﯽ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪه ﮐﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿـﺐ ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ 84 و 93 درﺻﺪ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ: ﭘﺲ از ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﮐﻠﯿﻪ ﻣﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ، ﺗﻌﺪاد 231 ﮐﺪ اوﻟﯿـﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎﯾﯽ ﺷـﺪ ﮐـﻪ ﭘـﺲ از ﭘﺎﻻﯾﺶ ﺑﻪ 57 ﻣﻔﻬﻮم، 23 ﻣﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﻓﺮﻋﯽ و 6 ﻣﻘﻮﻟﻪ اﺻﻠﯽ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ، ﭘﻨﺞ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ ﺑﺮاي رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي اﻧﺤﺮاﻓﯽ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ در ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺑﯿﻤﻪ اﯾﺮان ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﮐـﺎري ﺧﻼﻗﺎﻧـﻪ و ﻧﻮآوراﻧـﻪ، ﻧﻘـﺾ ﻣﺤﺘﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪ و ﺑﺎ اﻧﮕﯿﺰه درﺳﺖ ﻫﻨﺠﺎرﻫﺎ و ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن، رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﺷﻬﺮوﻧﺪي ﺳﺎزﻣﺎﻧﯽ، ﻧﻘﺪ ﻣﻨﺼﻔﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺪﯾﺮان و ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن و اﻓﺸﺎﮔﺮي ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﮔﯿﺮي: ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺑﯿﻤﻪ اﯾﺮان ﺑﻪ ﺳـﻤﺖ ﻓﻀـﺎي رﻗـﺎﺑﺘﯽ، اﻫﻤﯿـﺖ رﻓﺘﺎرﻫـﺎﯾﯽ از ﺟـﻨﺲ رﻓﺘـﺎر ﺳﺎزﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ اﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﻓﺰاﯾﻨﺪه اي دارد و در اﯾﻦ راﺳﺘﺎ ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻧﻤﻮدن زﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺮوز رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎﯾﯽ از ﺟﻨﺲ رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي اﻧﺤﺮاﻓﯽ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺗﺴﻬﯿﻞ ﮔﺮ دﺳﺘﯿﺎﺑﯽ ﺑﻪ اﻫﺪاف از ﭘﯿﺶ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﺷﺪه از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﮐﺴﺐ ﻣﺰﯾﺖ رﻗﺎﺑﺘﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.

Objective: Although deviance in the workplace is in most cases destructive in nature, it may also have some benefits. In recent years, due to the fact that positive deviation can lead to positive changes in organizations and promote innovation, there has been great interest in this type of deviation in organizations. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to design a model of positive deviant behaviors of employees in the Iranian insurance industry. Methodology: This qualitative study was conducted using the Strauss and Corbin grounded theory methodology. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with 16 participants selected using the purposive and snowballing methods from 7 insurance companies. The triangulation strategy was used for validation. Also, for the reliability test of the interviews, the reliability of the retest (stability index) and the method of intra-subject agreement were used, which obtained 84 and 93% results, respectively. Finding: After analyzing all the interviews, 231 primary codes were identified, which after refinement became 57 concepts, 23 sub-categories and 6 main categories. The core phenomenon was explained in the form of 5 categories of creative and innovative work behaviors, respectful and well-motivated violations of organizational norms and laws, organizational citizenship behaviors, fair criticism of managers and the organization, and whistle-blowing. Conclusion: Due to the movement of Iran's insurance industry towards a competitive environment, the importance of positive organizational behaviors has been increasingly important and in this regard, providing grounds for the occurrence of behaviors such as positive deviant behaviors can facilitate the achievement of predetermined goals.