‌‌‌واكاوي اصل «استنادناپذيري ايرادات در برابر اشخاص ثالث» در قانون بيمه اجباري حوادث ناشي از وسايل نقليه

Analysis of the Principle of "Inopposability of Exceptions Against Third Parties" in the Law of Compulsory Insurance of the Accidents Caused by Vehicles

ﻫﺪف: اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻣﺼﺎدﯾﻖ »اﺳﺘﻨﺎدﻧﺎﭘﺬﯾﺮي اﯾﺮادات در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ اﺷﺨﺎص ﺛﺎﻟﺚ« در ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﯿﻤﻪ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﻣﺼﻮب 1395، ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻘﻮق ﻓﺮاﻧﺴﻪ، ﺑﻪ واﮐﺎوي »اﺻﻞ اﺳﺘﻨﺎدﻧﺎﭘﺬﯾﺮي اﯾﺮادات در ﺑﯿﻤﻪ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ« در ﺣﻘﻮق اﯾﺮان ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺎﻋﺪه اي اﺻﻄﯿﺎدي دﺳﺖ ﯾﺎﺑﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ در ﻣﻮارد ﺗﺮدﯾﺪ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد. روش ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ: ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺷﯿﻮه ﮐﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ اي و ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺘﻮن ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ و روش ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ-ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ اي ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﯽ ﺣﻘﻮق اﯾﺮان و ﺣﻘﻮق ﻓﺮاﻧﺴﻪ در ﺧﺼﻮص ﺑﯿﻤﻪ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ: ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﯿﺖ ﻗﺮاردادي راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﯿﻤﻪ ﮔﺮ و ﺑﯿﻤﻪ ﮔﺬار، اﺻﻮﻻً ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﺑﯿﻤﻪ ﮔﺮ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ زﯾﺎن دﯾﺪه ﺑﺎﯾﺪ در ﺣﺪود ﻗﺮارداد ﺑﯿﻤﻪ و ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﺑﯿﻤﻪ ﮔﺬار ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﺷﻮد. ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي ﮐﻪ ﺑﯿﻤﻪ ﮔﺮ ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺮاي رﻓﻊ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﺧﻮد ﺑﻪ اﯾﺮادات ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻗﺮارداد اﺳﺘﻨﺎد ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ. در ﺣﺎﻟﯽ ﮐﻪ در ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﯿﻤﻪ اﺟﺒﺎري، ﺧﺴﺎرات وارده ﺑﻪ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ در اﺛﺮ ﺣﻮادث ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از وﺳﺎﯾﻞ ﻧﻘﻠﯿﻪ ﻣﺼﻮب 1395، ﻣﺼﺎدﯾﻖ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدي ﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ رﻏﻢ وﺟﻮد اﯾﺮادات ﻗﺮاردادي، ﺑﯿﻤﻪ ﮔﺮ ﻣﺴﺌﻮل ﺟﺒﺮان ﺧﺴﺎرت اﺷﺨﺎص ﺛﺎﻟﺚ داﻧﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. درواﻗﻊ اﯾﺮادات ﻗﺮاردادي ﺑﯿﻤﻪ ﮔﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺑﯿﻤﻪ ﮔﺬار در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ اﺷﺨﺎص ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺳﺘﻨﺎد ﻧﯿﺴﺖ و ﺑﯿﻤﻪ ﮔﺮ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎن ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ دارد. ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﮔﯿﺮي: ﻗﺎﻋﺪه اﺳﺘﻨﺎدﻧﺎﭘﺬﯾﺮي اﯾﺮادات در ﺑﯿﻤﻪ اﺟﺒﺎري اﺷﺨﺎص ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻟﻬﺎم از ﺣﻘﻮق ﻓﺮاﻧﺴﻪ در دﯾﮕﺮ ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎ دﯾﺪه ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد، ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻘﺮاء در ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﯿﻤﻪ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﻣﺼﻮب 1395 در ﺣﻘﻮق اﯾﺮان ﻧﯿﺰ اﺻﻄﯿﺎد ﻣﯽ ﮔﺮدد و در ﻣﻮارد ﺗﺮدﯾﺪ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد.

Objective: This study seeks to study the examples of "inopposability of exceptions against third parties" in the Third Party Insurance Law adopted in 2016, by comparative study with French law, to analysis the "principle of inopposability of exceptions in third party insurance" in Iranian law with inductive method and to achieve an extractive principle that can be applied with a combination of conditions in cases of doubt. Methodology: The present study is a comparative study between Iranian law and French law regarding to the third party insurance, which has been compiled using the library method and referring to legal texts and doctrine in an analytical-descriptive method. Findings: Considering the contractual nature of the relationship between the insurer and the insured, in principle, the insurer's liability to the injured party should be analyzed within the limits of the insurance contract and the insuring party's liability, in such a way that the insurer can rely on the exceptions related to the contract to relieve its liability. While in the Compulsory insurance law for damages to third parties due to accidents caused by vehicles approved in 2016, there are several examples that despite the contractual exceptions, the insurer is responsible for compensating third parties. In fact, the insurer's contractual exceptions cannot be opposable against third parties, and the insurer remains liable. Conclusion: The rule of inopposability of exceptions in compulsory third party insurance, which is now seen in other countries inspired by French law, is also introduced in Iranian law by induction in the third party insurance law approved in 2016, and can be used in doubts