CRISPR/Cas ، ابزار قدرتمند دستورزي ژنوم در گياهان زينتي

CRISPR/Cas, a powerful tool for genome editing in ornamental plants

زﯾﺴﺖﻓﻨﺎوري اﺑﺰاري ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻬﻨﮋادي وﯾﮋﮔﯽﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ اﻧﺪازه، رﻧﮓ و ﻋﻄﺮ ﮔﻞ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺑﯿﻤﺎري و ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﻋﻤﺮ ﮔﻠﺠﺎﯾﯽ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن زﯾﻨﺘﯽ اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺎ ﺗﮑﻤﯿﻞ ﺗﻮاﻟﯽﯾﺎﺑﯽ ژﻧﻮم ﺑﺴﯿﺎري از ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن زﯾﻨﺘﯽ و ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺖﻫﺎي ﭼﺸﻤﮕﯿﺮ ﺑﻪدﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه در وﯾﺮاﯾﺶ ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺎه اﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﯽ در ژﻧﻮم، روﻧﺪ اﯾﺠﺎد ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻧﯽ ﻻزم ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻬﻨﮋادي ﺑﺴﯿﺎري از ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن زﯾﻨﺘﯽ ﺗﺴﺮﯾﻊ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ. اﻣﺮوزه ﻓﻨﺎوري ﮐﺮﯾﺴﭙﺮ Cas ﺑﻪ دﻟﯿﻞ آﺳﺎﻧﯽ ﭼﺸﻤﮕﯿﺮ در اﻧﺠﺎم، ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ و دﺳﺘﺮﺳﯽ آﺳﺎن، ﮔﻮي ﺳﺒﻘﺖ را از دﯾﮕﺮ ﻓﻨﺎوريﻫﺎي وﯾﺮاﯾﺶ ژﻧﻮم از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻧﻮﮐﻠﺌﺎز اﻧﮕﺸﺖ روي، ﻋﻤﻠﮕﺮﻫﺎي ﺷﺒﻪ ﻓﻌﺎل ﮐﻨﻨﺪه روﻧﻮﯾﺴﯽ، ﻣﮕﺎﻧﻮﮐﻠﺌﺎزﻫﺎ و ﻏﯿﺮه رﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. ﮐﺮﯾﺴﭙﺮ Cas در واﻗﻊ ﻧﻮﻋﯽ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ اﯾﻤﻨﯽ اﮐﺘﺴﺎﺑﯽ در آرﮐﯿﺎ و ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫﺎ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ در ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﻪ ورود ﻣﺎده ژﻧﺘﯿﮑﯽ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻣﻬﺎﺟﻢ ﺑﻪ درون ﯾﺎﺧﺘﻪ، ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ روﻧﻮﺷﺖﻫﺎي ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ﻣﮑﻤﻞ، ﺗﻮاﻟﯽ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻣﻬﺎﺟﻢ را رﻫﮕﯿﺮي و ﺑﻪ ﮐﻤﮏ ﭘﺮوﺗﺌﯿﻦ ﻧﻮﮐﻠﺌﺎزي DNA Cas ﻫﺪف را ﻏﯿﺮﻓﻌﺎل ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ. ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ دﺳﺘﺎورد اﯾﻦ ﻓﻨﺎوري در ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن زﯾﻨﺘﯽ ﺗﺎﮐﻨﻮن در راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻓﻌﺎل ﻧﻤﻮدن ژنﻫﺎي ﮐﺎرا در ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﻧﻤﻮي و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻣﯿﺰان آﻧﺘﻮﺳﯿﺎﻧﯿﻦ ﮔﻠﺒﺮگ اﻃﻠﺴﯽ، ﺗﻮرﻧﯿﺎ، ﮔﻞ ﮐﻮﺷﺎد، ارﮐﯿﺪ و ﻧﯿﻠﻮﻓﺮ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺎ ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺖ و ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪﺳﺎزي ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ اﯾﻦ روش ﺑﻪ زودي ﺷﺎﻫﺪ دﮔﺮﮔﻮﻧﯽﻫﺎي زﯾﺎدي در ﺑﻬﻨﮋادي وﯾﮋﮔﯽﻫﺎي ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﺶﻫﺎي زﯾﻮا )زﯾﺴﺘﯽ( ﻧﯿﺰ ﺧﻮاﻫﯿﻢ ﺑﻮد.

Biotechnology is a proper implement for breeding traits such as flower size, color and aroma as well as improving disease resistance and improvement of flower vase life. With completion of genome sequencing of many ornamental plants and astonishing progress on site-specific edition, the process of diversification for ornamental plant breeding will accelerate. Nowadays, due to the ease in application, low cost, and availability, CRISPR/Cas has overtaken the other genome editing technologies such as ZFNs, TALENs and meganuclease. CRISPR/Cas is an acquisition immune system in archaea and some bacteria wherein bacteria in response to introduced genetic materials start to make small complementary transcript by which intercepts the existing invasive sequence and inactivates the target DNA with the help of Cas nuclease protein. Broken strands join together by DNA repair system but the mutated nucleotides lead to inactivity of the target gene. The most important achievement of this technology in ornamental plants so far is knocking down homeotic genes involved in plant developmental process and also color change in petunia, torenia, gentian, orchids, and Japanese morning glory. With further development and optimization of this method, we will soon see many changes in the breeding of biotic traits resistance.