تقابل شريعت و طريقت در دوران صفوي (با تكيه بر ديدگاه مقدس اردبيلي در كتا ب حديقه الشيعه)

The Confrontation of Sharia and Tariqat in the Safavid Era (based on the View of Moghadas Ardabili in the Book of Hadighat-al Shi’ah

صوفيان صفوي كه با فعاليت شيخ صفي‌الدين اردبيلي در قرن هفتم كار خود را آغاز كردند، به‌ مرور زمان از همسويي شرايط سياسي و اجتماعي زمانه بهره گرفته و چنان كوشيدند تا جايي­ كه دو قرن بعد همين صوفيان تبديل به سپاهيان جانبازي شدند كه حكومت صفوي را شكل دادند. در دوران پس از شاه اسماعيل صفوي و تثبيت قدرت صفويان، درحالي‌كه بخشي از نياز به فقه شيعه با مهاجرت علماي شيعه به ايران فراهم شد، به‌ مرور جايگاه فقها ارتقاء يافت. فقهاي شيعه با مناسك صوفيان و عمل نكردن به احكام توسط ايشان، مخالف بودند و درصدد بودند تا ولو با توسل به حكومت صفوي از بي‌توجهي صوفيان به احكام فقهي بكاهند. مقدس اردبيلي به‌عنوان بارزترين فقيه شيعي در قرن دهم، در زمرۀ مخالفان سرسخت صوفيان بود. مطالعه حاضر براي بررسي علل مخالفت مقدس اردبيلي با صوفيان در كتاب حديقه‌الشيعه انجام‌شده است و بر اين نكته تأكيد دارد كه نظر به جايگاه صوفيان در جامعه صفوي، آيا رويكرد منفي مقدس اردبيلي در قالب تقابل تاريخي فقها و صوفيه بر اين رويه اثرگذار بوده است يا موقعيت خاص صوفيان عصر صفوي عامل اصلي آن بود؟ نتايج پژوهش كه از بررسي منابع كتابخانه‌اي با تحليل محتوا به‌دست‌آمده نشان مي‌دهد كه فضاي تاريخي دوران تثبيت و نياز به نهادهاي ديني و حكومتي، زمينه رقابت فقها و صوفيه را تشديد كرد. مقدس اردبيلي با استناد به منابع فقهي، اعمال و رفتار صوفيان را نامشروع و مجرمانه مي‌داند. او ضمن تكفير صوفيان، هيچ تمايزي بين خوب و بد اين گروه قائل نشده است.

The Safavid Sufis, who began their work with the activities of Sheikh Safi al-Din Ardabili in the seventh century, over time, took advantage of the alignment of political and social conditions of the time and attempted that two centuries later the same Sufis became veteran troops that formed the Safavid rule. In the period after Shah Ismail and the consolidation of Safavid power, while the need for Shiite jurisprudence was partially met by the migration of Shiite scholars to Iran, the status of jurists gradually raised. Shiite jurists were opposed to the rites of the Sufis and their non-observance of the rulings, and sought to reduce the Sufis' disregard for the rulings of the jurisprudence, even by appealing to the Safavid rule. Moghadas Ardabili, as the most prominent Shiite jurist in the tenth century, was among the staunchest opponents of the Sufis. The present study has been conducted to investigate the causes of Ardabili's holy opposition to Sufis in the book Hadith al-Shi'ah and emphasizes that according to the position of Sufis in Safavid society, Moghadas Ardebili’s negative approach in the form of historical confrontation between jurists and Sufis has influenced this practice and situation that was specific to the Sufis of the Safavid era? The results of the research that are obtained from the study of library resources achieved by content analysis show that the historical atmosphere of the period of stabilization and the need for religious and governmental institutions intensified the competition between jurists and Sufis. Moghadas Ardabili, citing jurisprudential sources, considers the actions and behavior of Sufis to be illegitimate and criminal. While excommunicating the Sufis, he did not distinguish between the virtuous and the immorality of this group. Research aims: Analysis of the causes of the conflict between Tariqah and Sharia in the Safavid period. Examination of relationship between Tariqah and Shari'a from viewpoint of Moghadas Ardabili, relying on the book of Hadighat-al Shi’ah. Research questions: What were the reasons for the confrontation between Tarighat and Sharia in the Safavid period? What is the opinion of Moghadas Ardebili on Shari'a and Tariqah according to his book Hadighat-al Shi’ah?