ﺑﯿﻤﻪ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪﮔﺬاري ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ از دﯾﺪﮔﺎه ﺣﻘﻮق ﺗﺠﺎرت ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻞ و ﻓﻘﻪ اﺳﻼم

Insurance of Foreign Investment: 1An International Trade Law Approach and Islamic Jurisprudence

ﻫﺪف ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺑﯿﻤﻪ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪﮔﺬاري ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ از دﯾﺪﮔﺎه ﺣﻘﻮق ﺗﺠﺎرت ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻞ و ﻓﻘﻪ اﺳﻼم اﺳﺖ. روش ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ-ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ ﺑﻮده و ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮنﮔﺬار ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﺎﻓﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﯽ ﺑﯿﻤﻪ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪﮔﺬاري ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ و ﻫﻤﯿﻦ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ، اﺑﻬﺎﻣﺎت ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ را ﭘﺪﯾﺪ آورده اﺳﺖ. از دﯾﺪﮔﺎه ﻓﻘﻬﯽ، ﺣﻀﻮر ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪﮔﺬار ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ در ﮐﺸﻮر، ﺑﺎ ﻟﺰوم ﺣﻔﻆ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻣﻠﯽ ﻣﺠﺎز ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺑﯿﻤﻪ ﻧﯿﺰ داراي ﻣﻮاﻓﻘﺎن و ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﻮده ﮐﻪ در ﺟﻤﻊﺑﻨﺪي دﯾﺪﮔﺎهﻫﺎ، ﺟﻮاز آن ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮاﯾﻄﯽ اﻋﻼم ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. اﻣﺎ در ﻋﯿﻦﺣﺎل، ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻘﺪ و ﺑﯿﻊ و زﯾﺮﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻗﺮارداد ﺑﯿﻤﻪاي ﺣﺎﺻﻞ در اﯾﻦ ﻧﻮع ﻗﺮاردادﻫﺎ ﮐﻪ در ﻓﻘﻪ اﺳﻼﻣﯽ و ﺣﻘﻮق اﯾﺮان ﺑﺪان ﺗﺄﮐﯿﺪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ، ﭘﺮﮐﻨﻨﺪه ﺧﻸ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در اﯾﻦ زﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﻋﺪم اﻃﻼع ﮐﺎﻓﯽ از ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ و ﻋﺪم رﻋﺎﯾﺖ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﻧﮑﺎت در ﻗﺮاردادﻫﺎ، و ﻋﺪم ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﯽ ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ داﺧﻠﯽ ﮐﺸﻮرﻣﺎن ﺑﺎ ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺪم ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ ﺧﺴﺎرت ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﯿﻤﻪ ﺷﺪه ﮐﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺎ ﺑﯿﻊ و ﻗﺮارداد ﭘﯿﺶ از ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪﮔﺬاري ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. اﻣﺎ ﻧﯿﺎز اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮنﮔﺬار ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺼﺮﯾﺢ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن، ﮔﺎﻣﯽ ﺑﺮدارد. ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪﮔﺬار ﭘﯿﺶ از ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ در ﯾﮏ ﮐﺸﻮر، ﻣﯽﺑﺎﯾﺴﺖ از اﻋﺘﺒﺎر ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ ﺧﺴﺎرت ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﯿﻤﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻃﺒﻖ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﯽ ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ داﺧﻠﯽ ﮐﺸﻮر ﻣﯿﺰﺑﺎن و ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻞ، ﻣﻄﻠﻊ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻟﺬا ﺑﺎ رﻋﺎﯾﺖ ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﺧﺎص، ﺑﯿﻤﻪ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪﮔﺬار ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ از دﯾﺪﮔﺎهﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ، ﺑﻼﻣﺎﻧﻊ اﺳﺖ.

Foreign investment provides the country with economic growth. Thus, the entry of goods into the country has triggered a request for national currency that would lead to an increase in the value of the national currency. Foreign investment can be a surefire way to achieve goals. The investor's assurance is a prerequisite for the implementation of the project. Therefore, the funds are insured against deliberate or unintentional threats and incidents of the victim and, at the same time, people in the country should be insured in the event of possible accidents. The legislator did not pay enough attention to the issue of the coordination of foreign investment insurance, and this has created legal uncertainties. But at the same time, according to the contracts and subcontractors of the insurance contract in these types of contracts, which are emphasized in Islamic jurisprudence and Iranian law, the filler is a vacuum in this field. Also, lack of information about legal issues and failure to observe certain points in the contracts, and the lack of coordination of internal laws of our country with international law resulted in non-payment of damages by the insured, which was also resolved with the pre-investment agreement. However, the legislator needs to take a step further. The investor must be aware of the legal credibility of the probable loss of insurance by the insurer in accordance with the domestic laws of the host country and international law.