تحليل اثرات اجراي طرح هادي بر بهبود كيفيت زندگي در نواحي روستايي (مورد مطالعه: بخش خلجستان، شهرستان قم)

Analysis of the effects of pilot project implementation on improving the quality of life in rural areas (Case study: Khalajistan ward, Qom County)

ﻃﺮح ﻫﺎدي ﯾﮏ ﺳـﻨﺪ رﺳـﻤﯽ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﻪ ﮐﺎﻟﺒﺪي ﺳـﮑﻮﻧﺘﮕﺎهﻫﺎي روﺳﺘﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﯽﺷﻮد، ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻧﻘﺶ وﯾﮋه و ﻣﺆﺛﺮي در ﻋﻤﺮان روﺳــﺘﺎﻫﺎي ﮐﺸــﻮر و ﺑﻬﺒﻮد زﻧﺪﮔﯽ روﺳــﺘﺎﯾﯿﺎن اﯾﻔﺎ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ. ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺎﮐﻨﻮن در ﺣﯿﻄﻪ اﺟﺮاي ﻃﺮح ﻫﺎدي در ﮐﺸــﻮر اﻧﺠﺎم ﭘﺬﯾﺮﻓﺘﻪ، ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ اﺛﺮات آن ﺑﺮ ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ زﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺳـﺎﮐﻨﯿﻦ ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪاﻧﺪ. ﻟﺬا در ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺣﺎﺿـﺮ ﺳـﻌﯽ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪه اﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ و ﺳﻨﺠﺶ اﺛﺮات اﺟﺮاي ﻃﺮح ﻫﺎدي ﺑﺮ ارﺗﻘﺎء ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ زﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ روﺳـﺘﺎﯾﯽ ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ ﺷـﻮد. روش ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ از ﻟﺤﺎظ ﻫﺪف، ﮐﺎرﺑﺮدي و ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﯿﺖ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع، ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ- ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷـﺪ. ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ آﻣﺎري ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ ﮐﻞ روﺳﺘﺎﻫﺎي داراي ﺳﮑﻨﻪ )49 روﺳﺘﺎ( ﺑﺨﺶ ﺧﻠﺠﺴﺘﺎن ﺑﻮده ﮐﻪ 10 روﺳﺘﺎ از دو ﮔﺮوه داراي اﺟﺮاي ﻃﺮح و ﻓﺎﻗﺪ اﺟﺮاي ﻃﺮح ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ آﻣﺎري ﺑﻪ روش »اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﯽ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪي ﺷـﺪه« اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. ﺑﺮاي ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ زﻧﺪﮔﯽ، 38 ﮔﻮﯾﻪ از ﭼﻬﺎر ﺑﻌﺪ )ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ، اﻗﺘﺼــﺎدي، اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ و ﮐﺎﻟﺒﺪي( ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﻌﯿﺎر ﺳــﻨﺠﺶ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. دادهﻫﺎ ﺑﺼــﻮرت ﭘﯿﻤﺎﯾﺸــﯽ از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﭘﺮﺳـﺸـﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺟﻤﻊآوري و در ﻧﺮماﻓﺰار SPSS ﺑﺎ آزﻣﻮن ﻣﻦ وﯾﺘﻨﯽ و ﻣﯿﺰان اﺛﺮ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. رواﯾﯽ ﭘﺮﺳـﺸـﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﻪ وﺳـﯿﻠﻪ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺗﻦ از اﺳﺎﺗﯿﺪ و ﺻﺎﺣﺐﻧﻈﺮان ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪرﯾﺰي روﺳﺘﺎﯾﯽ ﺗﺄﯾﯿﺪ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ و ﭘﺎﯾﺎﯾﯽ آن ﻧﯿﺰ از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﻧﺮماﻓﺰار SPSS ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ و ﻣﯿﺰان آن 0/78 ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آﻣﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﯿﺰان اﺛﺮ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ اﺟﺮاي ﻃﺮح در ﺑﻌﺪ ﮐﺎﻟﺒﺪي، ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ اﺛﺮ )0/67( و ﺑﻌﺪ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﮐﻢﺗﺮﯾﻦ اﺛﺮ)0/30( را در روﺳﺘﺎﻫﺎي داراي اﺟﺮاي ﻃﺮح داﺷﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮاي ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪي ﺷﺪت ﻣﯿﺰان اﺛﺮ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﻌﯿﺎر ﮐﻮﻫﻦ ﻣﯿﺰان اﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻫﺮ ﯾﮏ از اﺑﻌﺎد ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ، اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي و اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ، و ﺑﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ ﮐﺎﻟﺒﺪي زﯾﺎد ﺑﻮده اﺳــﺖ، ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ در اﺑﻌﺎد ﮐﺎﻟﺒﺪي، ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ، اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ و اﻗﺘﺼــﺎدي ﺗﻔﺎوت ﻣﻌﻨﺎداري در ﺑﯿﻦ دو ﮔﺮوه ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳــﯽ وﺟﻮد دارد. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ، ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ اﺛﺮ اﺟﺮاي ﻃﺮح ﺑﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ ﮐﺎﻟﺒﺪي و ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ اﺛﺮ را ﺑﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي داﺷﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻣﻌﯿﺎر ﮐﻮﻫﻦ، ﻣﯿﺰان اﺛﺮ در ﺑﻌﺪ ﮐﺎﻟﺒﺪي در ﺣﺪ »زﯾﺎد« و در اﺑﻌﺎد ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ، اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ و اﻗﺘﺼــﺎدي در ﺣﺪ »ﻣﺘﻮﺳــﻂ« ﺑﻮده اﺳــﺖ. ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ در راﺳــﺘﺎي ﺗﻬﯿﻪ و اﺟﺮاي ﻃﺮح و ﭘﺮوژهﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﺮاﻧﯽ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖﻫﺎي روﺳﺘﺎﻫﺎ و ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ از ﻣﺮدم و ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﻮد.

The master plan is an official document for the physical development of rural settlements. It can play a special and effective role in the development of the country's villages and improving the lives of the villagers. Various studies carried out so far in the field of pilot project implementation in the country but have given little attention to its effects on the quality of residents’ life. Therefore, in the present study, an attempt was made to study and evaluate the effects of implementing the pilot project on improving the quality of rural communities’ life. The research method was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical according to the nature of the subject. The statistical population of the study included all inhabited villages (49 villages) in Khalajistan district. The 10 villages were selected from two groups of with project implementation and without project implementation as a statistical sample by the "probabilistic classification" method. To measure the quality of life, 38 items from four dimensions (environmental, economic, social and physical) were selected as criteria. Data were collected through a questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS software based on Mann-Whitney test and the effect. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by several professors and rural planning experts and its reliability rate was 0.78. The results showed that the project implementation had the most (0.67) and least (0.30) effect for the physical and economic dimension in the villages, respectively. Based on the Cohen's criterion, the effect on each environmental, economic and social dimensions was moderate, and the effect on the physical dimension was high. Therefore, there was a significant difference between the two groups in physical, environmental, social and economic dimensions. Also, the plan implementation had the greatest effect on the physical dimension and the least effect on the economic dimension. According to the Cohen's criterion, the effect in the physical dimension was "high" and in the environmental, social and economic dimensions was "moderate". Therefore, in order to prepare and implement development plans and projects, more attention should be paid to the capabilities of the villages and proper knowledge of the people and the region.