ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯿﺎت ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﯽ و ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﺧﺎك در آراﻣﮕﺎهﻫﺎي ﺟﻨﮕﻠﯽ و ﺗﻮدهﻫﺎي ﮔﻼزﻧﯽﺷﺪة ﻣﺠﺎور در ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﺎﻧﻪ

Physical and chemical properties of soil in sacred groves and surrounding oak woodlands in Baneh County

ﺟﻨﮕﻞﻫﺎي ﺑﻠﻮط زاﮔﺮس، ﺑﻪ دﻟﯿﻞ اﺳﺘﻔﺎدهﻫﺎي ﺑﯽ روﯾﻪ و ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺮدم ﻣﺤﻠﯽ، ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪ زﯾﺎدي دﺳﺖﺧﻮش ﺗﻐﯿﯿـﺮ ﺷـﺪه اﺳـﺖ. آراﻣﮕﺎهﻫﺎي ﺟﻨﮕﻠﯽ در ﺟﻨﮕﻞﻫـﺎي زاﮔـﺮس ﺷـﻤﺎﻟﯽ، ﺑـﻪدﻟﯿﻞ ﺗﻘـﺪس و ارزش ﻣـﺬﻫﺒﯽ ﺑـﺮاي ﻣـﺮدم ﻣﺤﻠـﯽ ﺗـﺎ ﺣـﺪ زﯾـﺎدي ﺗﺨﺮﯾﺐﻧﺸﺪه ﺑﺎﻗﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﺪهاﻧﺪ. ﻫﺪف اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ، ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ و ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴـﮥ ﺧﺼﻮﺻـﯿﺎت ﺧـﺎك اﯾـﻦ ﻣﻨـﺎﻃﻖ، ﺑـﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﮥ ﻣﻌـﺮف ﺟﻨﮕﻞﻫﺎي ﮐﻤﺘﺮ دﺳﺖﺧﻮردة ﺑﻠﻮط زاﮔﺮس ﺑﺎ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯿﺎت ﺧﺎك ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻘﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺮنﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻤﺎدي ﺗﺤﺖ ﭼﺮاي دام و ﮔﻼزﻧﯽ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮاي اﯾﻦ ﮐﺎر، ﭘﻨﺞ آراﻣﮕﺎه ﺟﻨﮕﻠﯽ و ﭘﻨﺞ ﮔﻼﺟﺎر ﮐﻨﺎر آﻧﻬﺎ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب و از ﻫﺮ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺑﻪﻃﻮر ﮐﺎﻣﻼً ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ، ﭘﻨﺞ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺧﺎك ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﯽ در ﻣﯿﮑﺮوﭘﻼتﻫﺎي 2×2 ﻣﺘﺮي از ﻋﻤﻖ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺗﺎ 15 ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯽﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ ﺷﺪ. ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪوﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ دادهﻫﺎ از آزﻣـﻮن ﺗﯽ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﮥ ﺗﮏﺗﮏ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ دادهﻫﺎي ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ ﮐﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ. ﺑﻪﺟﺰ ﻣﻘـﺪار ﮐﻠﺴـﯿﻢ، ﺗﻔﺎوت ﻣﻌﻨﯽداري ﺑﯿﻦ دﯾﮕﺮ ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮرﻫﺎي ﺧﺎك در آراﻣﮕﺎه و ﮔﻼﺟﺎرﻫﺎ دﯾﺪه ﺷﺪ. ﻣﻘﺪار ﮐـﺮﺑﻦ، ﻧﯿﺘـﺮوژن، ﻓﺴـﻔﺮ، ﻧﺴـﺒﺖ C:N، ﭘﺘﺎﺳﯿﻢ، ﻫﺪاﯾﺖ اﻟﮑﺘﺮﯾﮑﯽ و درﺻﺪ ﺷﻦ در آراﻣﮕﺎهﻫﺎي ﺟﻨﮕﻠﯽ از ﮔﻼﺟﺎرﻫﺎ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻮد، درﺣﺎﻟﯽ ﮐﻪ درﺻـﺪ رس و ﻣﯿـﺰان pH ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﻮد. ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ، ﮔﻼزﻧﯽ، ﮔﻼﺑﺮي و ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﺑﻬﺮهﺑﺮداريﻫﺎي ﻓﺸﺮده در ﺳـﺎﻣﺎنﻫﺎي ﻋﺮﻓـﯽ اﯾـﻦ ﺟﻨﮕﻞﻫـﺎ ﻃـﯽ ﺳﺎﻟﯿﺎن ﻣﺘﻤﺎدي، ﺳﺒﺐ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﭼﺸﻤﮕﯿﺮ ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ ﺧﺎك ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ و اداﻣﮥ اﯾﻦ روﻧـﺪ، ﺣﺎﺻـﻠﯽ ﺟـﺰ ﺗﺨﺮﯾـﺐ ﺑﯿﺸـﺘﺮ ﺧـﺎك اﯾـﻦ ﺟﻨﮕﻞﻫﺎ ﻧﺨﻮاﻫﺪ داﺷﺖ. ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ ﺧﻮب ﺧﺎك در آراﻣﮕﺎهﻫﺎي ﺟﻨﮕﻠﯽ، ﻧﺸﺎندﻫﻨﺪة اﻫﻤﯿـﺖ ﺣﻔﺎﻇـﺖ در اﻓـﺰاﯾﺶ ﮐﯿﻔﯿـﺖ روﯾﺸﮕﺎهﻫﺎي ﺟﻨﮕﻠﯽ در زاﮔﺮس ﺷﻤﺎﻟﯽ اﺳﺖ، ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻔﻆ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ، داراي اﻫﻤﯿﺖ وﯾﮋهاي اﺳﺖ

Zagros oak forests have changed considerably because of irregular and diverse usage of local people. Sacred groves in northern Zagros forest have almost remained undisturbed, due to their social and religious values for local people. In this study, we attentively investigated and compared soil properties in these stands, as stands that show the less disturbed Zagros oak forests, with surrounding oak woodlands that have been pollarded and utilized for centuries as pastures. Five sacred groves and five adjacent pollarded (Galajar) stands were selected. Five composite soil samples were randomly taken by use of 2×2 m microplots from 0-15 cm soil depth. Paired independent t test was used to compare all five sacred groves individually with surrounding oak woodlands and also to compare all data from both areas altogether. The results showed that there are significant differences between all soil properties but calcium content. Soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, phosphorus, C:N ratio, potassium, electrical conductivity and sand decreased significantly in the pollarded area compared with sacred stands while clay and pH increased. The results also revealed that pollarding (Galazani, Galabori) and long-run exploitations of the conventional ownerships in these forests have significantly reduced soil quality and it will be less fertile if this process continues. High soil quality in the sacred groves indicates the importance of conservation in these stands to improve forest habitat quality in the northern Zagros forests. We conclude that, it is critically important to pay more attention to protecting sacred groves in Baneh County.