كليدواژه :
عملكرد دانه , كارآيي فتوسيستم II , كلروفيل , ماده ضد تعرق , محتوي نسبي آب
چكيده فارسي :
تعرق براي انجام فتوسنتز، فرآيندي ضروري است كه با توجه به شرايط در مواردي ميتواند مضر باشد. بنابراين استفاده از مواد ضد تعرق ميتواند يكي از روشهاي كارآمـد در كـاهش ميزان اتلاف آب به واسطه تعـرق و راهكاري مؤثر براي كاهش اثرات تنش خشكي بر گياه و تعديل كاهش عملكرد ناشي از كمبود آب در نواحي خشك و نيمه خشك باشد. در همين راستا بهمنظور بررسي اثر رژيمهاي آبياري و كاربرد غلظتهاي مختلف كتيرا (تراوه خشك شدهي طبيعي حاصل از برخي گونههاي Astragalus بر گياه دارويي سياهدانه (Nigella sativa L.)، آزمايشي بهصورت فاكتوريل در قالب طرح كاملاً تصادفي با سه تكرار در گلخانه دانشكده كشاورزي دانشگاه كردستان در سال 1397 بهاجرا درآمد. فاكتورهاي آزمايش شامل آبياري در سه سطح 100 (آبياري كامل)، 70 (تنش ملايم خشكي) و 40 (تنش شديد خشكي) درصد ظرفيت زراعي و محلولپاشي كتيرا در شش غلظت صفر، 1/25، 2/5، 5، 7/5 و 10 گرم در ليتر بودند. نتـايج نشـان داد افـزايش شدت تنش خشكي (كاهش آبياري) منجر به كاهش محتواي نسبي آب برگ، محتواي كلروفيل كل، كارآيي فتوسيستم II، ارتفاع بوته، تعداد كپسول در بوته، تعداد دانه در بوته، عملكرد بيولوژيك و عملكرد دانه گرديد. تأثير كاربرد غلظتهاي مختلف كتيرا در سطوح مختلف آبياري متفاوت بود. در آبياري كامل، غلظت 1/25 گرم در ليتر بر تمامي صفات مورد مطالعه مثبت بود. در تنش ملايم خشكي استفاده از غلظتهاي بيشتر كتيرا تا غلظت 5 گرم در ليتر بهترين كارآيي را داشت و غلظتهاي بيشتر از آن به تأثير معكوس بر صفات مورد بررسي منجر گرديد. در تنش شديد خشكي، كاربرد غلظتهاي بيشتر كتيرا مفيد بود و مصرف كتيرا تا غلظت 7/5 گرم در ليتر باعث بهبود صفات بررسي شده گرديد، ولي مصرف غلظت 10 گرم در ليتر بر صفات مذكور تأثير منفي داشت. با توجه به تأثيري كه غلظت مناسب كاربرد اين ماده در بهبود صفات اندازه‌گيري شده داشت و توانست عملكرد دانه را نسبت به عدم مصرف كتيرا در شرايط تنش متوسط و شديد خشكي به‌ترتيب 11/6 و 28/2 درصد افزايش دهد، احتمالا كتيرا ميتواند بهعنوان يك ماده ضدتعرق جديد با منشاء طبيعي معرفي گردد و كاربرد آن در مناطقي كه با تنش خشكي مواجه هستند ميتواند مفيد و قابل توصيه باشد.
چكيده لاتين :
Introduction: In fact, drought is stress that restricts the plant photosynthesis and also it causes of chlorophyll content changes and damage to photosynthetic structures. One of the important reasons that environmental stresses such as drought reduce the growth and photosynthesis ability of the plant is a disturbance in the balance between production and removal of free oxygen radicals. Transpiration is a necessary process for photosynthesis and growth of plants but depending on the conditions that may be harmful in some cases. Therefore, the use of anti-transpirant can be one of the most effective methods for reducing the amount of water lost through transpiration and adjustment the reduction of the yield due to water deficiency in arid and semi-arid regions. Climate change happened on earth and the intensification of stresses caused by it, especially drought stress in arid and semi-arid regions such as Iran. Therefore, finding strategies that can reduce the effects of water shortages on plant growth and yield can be very important. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of irrigation regimes and application of different concentrations of tragacanth (naturally dried exudate from some Astragalus species) on black cumin plant.
Materials and Methods: This research was carried out in a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications in a greenhouse of the Agriculture College of Kurdistan University in 2018. The experimental factors were including irrigation at three levels of 100% (full irrigation), 70% (mild drought stress), and 40% (severe drought stress) of field capacity of soil and spraying with tragacanth extract at six concentrations of 0, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 g/L. Spraying of this material was done using a back sprayer (Shark model) with a constant pressure of 2.4 bar and a volume of 250 liters of water per hectare., The normality test was performed using the Mini Tab software, before the data were analyzed. After ensuring the normality of data, analysis of variance was performed using SAS ver. 9.3. LSD (Least significant difference) was used to compare the mean of treatments. The graphs are drawn using Excel software.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that increased drought stress intensity (irrigation reduction) led to the reduced leaf relative water content, Total chlorophyll content, efficiency of photosystem II, plant height, number of capsules per plant, mean number of seeds per plant, biological yield and grain yield. The positive effects of tragacanth consumption on reducing and modifying the effects of drought stress on different levels of irrigation and different concentrations of tragacanth were different. In the present study, under full irrigation conditions, lower concentrations of tragacanth were useful, while in drought stress conditions, higher concentrations of tragacanth (except 10 g/L) were useful. In full irrigation, the concentration of 1.25 g/L was positive for all studied traits. In mild drought stress, the use of higher concentrations of tragacanth up to 5 g/L had the best effect and more concentrations resulted in a reverse effect on studied traits. In severe drought stress, the use of more concentrations of tragacanth extract was beneficial and improved the studied traits up to 7.5 g/L, but 10 g/L had a negative effect on these traits.
Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that the different effects of various concentrations of tragacanth material in different levels of irrigation on studied traits of black cumin. Therefore, it can be concluded that the application of different concentrations of tragacanth gum was completely dependent on the plant's water status. Therefore, using higher concentrations of tragacanth gum in drought stress conditions had a more positive effect on the plant, and vice versa, using a lower concentration of this material was useful in full irrigation. The effect of tragacanth gum on reducing and modifying the effects of drought stress in different plants requires further studies and extensive research. Tragacanth gum can be introduced as a new anti-transpirant agent with natural origin and its application can be useful and recommended in areas exposed to drought stress.
