بررسي مديريت پسماند كارخانجات صنايع غذايي شهرستان رشت (در سال 1386)

Waste management of Food industries in Rasht

واحدهاي صنايع غذايي بدليل ماهيت متفاوت محصولات خود داراي پسماندهاي متنوعي از لحاظ كمي و كيفي مي­ باشند. بررسي پسماند كارخانجات صنايع غذايي در شهرستان رشت به جهت شرايط اقليمي خاص منطقه و محيط ­زيست آسيب پذير آن از اهميت ويژه­اي برخوردار است. هدف از انجام اين مطالعه­ شناسايي پسماند كارخانجات صنايع غذايي شهر رشت و نحوه مديريت آن­ها بوده تا در ضمن اين پژوهش، نقاط قوت و ضعف مديريت مشخص گردد تا با ايجاد تغييراتي در روند مديريت بتوان پسماندهاي حاصل از صنايع را سازماندهي نمود. در اين پژوهش در حدود 40 واحد صنعتي از 122 واحد صنعتي فعال براساس مشاهده وتكميل پرسش­نامه موضوعي مورد بررسي قرار گرفتند جهت ذخيره سازي و تجزيه و تحليل اطلاعات نسبت به ايجاد بانك اطلاعاتي پسماند كارخانجات اقدام گرديد. داده­هاي به­دست آمده توسط نرم افزار SPSS مورد تجزيه و تحليل قرار گرفت. طبق نتايج حاصله از تجزيه و تحليل اطلاعات گروه­هاي آشاميدني و نانوايي، بيسكويت ­سازي، ماكاروني­سازي به ترتيب بيش­ترين ميزان ضايعات صنعتي و گروه­هاي آشاميدني و نانوايي، بيسكويت­ سازي، ماكاروني­ سازي بيش­ترين ضايعات شبه خانگي را توليد مي ­نمايند. درحدود 63 درصد ازضايعات پسماند صنعتي اين صنايع قابليت بازيافت دارند ولي 20 درصد ازآن­ها در عمل بازيافت مي شوند. بيش­ترين روش دفع ضايعات كه از سوي صنايع انتخاب مي ­شود فروش به ميزان 45.6 درصد و دفن بهداشتي به ميزان 32 درصد مي­ باشد. برخي ازصنايع معادل 4/3 درصد ضايعات خود را مي­سوزانند كه به صورت غيراستاندارد انجام مي ­گيرد. بيش­ترين نحوه نگه­داري ضايعات تا زمان دفع به صورت انبارهاي روباز در محيط كارخانه است كه باعث ايجاد آلودگي مي ­گردد. بيش­ترين منشا توليد ضايعات صنعتي درصنايع غذايي محصول توليدي به ميزان 24/32 درصد و در مرحله بعد ضايعات حاصل از بسته­ بندي معادل 20/58 درصد مي­توان اشاره نمود. دوره ­هاي زماني دفع ضايعات صنعتي در 48/2 درصد از صنايع به صورت موردي و 4/15 درصد به صـــورت روزانه گزارش شده است.

Rasht, as the center of Gilan province, has the highest number of food industries and since these industries in the northern part of the country, especially Gilan are the most dominant existing ones, it seemed necessary to study management conditions of the food industries’ residuals through observation and filling in topic questionnaires in 40 active industrial units in Rasht. As the first step in this research, the food industries of the city were identified and classified based on their products. Then, active units were specified and their residuals’ management status was studied. Next, obtained data were analyzed using statistical softwares such as SPSS and other softwares were used for drawing relevant tables and diagrams. To study the quality of residuals and their compositions in each food industry group, the temporary storage places were surveyed and through filling in the questionnaires by those in charge the physical analysis of the residuals and the production levels were reviewed the results of which are as follows: Studies showed that the majority of food industries in Rasht did not pay close attention to environmental aspects, particularly the management of their residuals; they did not observe environmental regulations; they considered the cooperation of environment experts costly and problematic and often would not take any measure to analyze their residuals. It is noteworthy that among all food industries of the city only one of them was selected as the “Green Industry”. It was also found that bread, biscuit and drinks producing groups had the highest level of industrial wastes while bread, biscuit and drinks producing groups showed the highest level of domestic wastes. About 63% of the wastes from industrial residuals were recyclable; however only were practically recycled. The most frequent waste disposal methods exercised by the industries were selling (45.6%) and hygienic burying (32%). In addition, some industries burned a part (4.3%) of their wastes in a nonstandard way. The common way of keeping wastes until disposal was open stores in the factory that in itself could cause pollution. The major source of industrial wastes in food industries could be said to be from products (24.32%) and then those of packaging (20.58%). Moreover, the time periods of waste disposal in 48.2% of industries were case disposals and 15.4% of them were reported on a daily basis.