آشكارسازي تغييرات كاربري اراضي با استفاده از تصاوير ماهواره اي طي دوره زماني 2019-1984 (مطالعه موردي شهرستان كامياران)

Detection of land use changes using satellite imagery during the period 1984-2019 (Case study of Kamyaran city)

ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات ﮐﺎرﺑﺮي اراﺿﯽ در اﺛﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﻫﺎي اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﯾﮑﯽ از ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت ﻣﻬﻢ در ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ رﯾﺰي ﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ اي و ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ اي ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺰﯾﺖ ﻫﺎ و ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ ﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ داده ﻫﺎي ﻣﺎﻫﻮاره اي دارﻧﺪ، اﯾﻦ ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮژي ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﮐﻤﮏ ﺷﺎﯾﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ و ﮐﺸﻒ اﯾﻦ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ. ﻫﺪف از اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ آﺷﮑﺎرﺳﺎزي ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات ﮐﺎرﺑﺮي اراﺿﯽ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﮐﺎﻣﯿﺎران ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺗﺼﺎوﯾﺮ ﻣﺎﻫﻮاره اي ﻃﯽ دوره 35 ﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ از داده ﻫﺎي ﺳﺎل 1984 ﺳﻨﺠﻨﺪه TM ، 2000 ﺳﻨﺠﻨﺪه +ETM و 2019 ﺳﻨﺠﻨﺪه OLI ﻣﺎﻫﻮاره ﻟﻨﺪﺳﺖ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ. در اﺑﺘﺪا ﭘﯿﺶ ﭘﺮدازش ﻫﺎي اوﻟﯿﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺼﺤﯿﺤﺎت رادﯾﻮﻣﺘﺮي، اﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮي و ﻫﻨﺪﺳﯽ ﺑﺮوي داده ﺧﺎم اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. از ﻧﻘﺎط ﮐﻨﺘﺮل زﻣﯿﻨﯽ ﺟﻬﺖ آﻣﻮزش، اﻋﺘﺒﺎرﺳﻨﺠﯽ و ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻬﯿﻪ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﮐﺎرﺑﺮي اراﺿﯽ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ. ﮐﻼس ﮐﺎرﺑﺮي در ﻫﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﭘﯿﻤﺎﯾﺶ ﻣﯿﺪاﻧﯽ و ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺗﺼﺎوﯾﺮ ﮔﻮﮔﻞ ارث در 9 ﮐﻼس ﮐﺎرﺑﺮي زﻣﯿﻦ ﻫﺎي ﮐﺸﺎورزي، ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ، ﺑﺎغ، ﻣﺮاﺗﻊ ﻏﻨﯽ و ﻣﺸﺠﺮ، ﻣﺮاﺗﻊ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ، ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺴﮑﻮﻧﯽ،ﭘﻬﻨﻪ آﺑﯽ، زﻣﯿﻦ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﯾﺮ و رﺧﻨﻤﻮن ﺳﻨﮕﯽ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. در اداﻣﻪ از روش ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻋﺼﺒﯽ ﺑﺮاي ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﻧﻈﺎرت ﺷﺪه ﺗﺼﺎوﯾﺮ در ﻧﺮم اﻓﺰار ENVI 5.3 اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ ﺻﺤﺖ ﮐﻠﯽ و ﺿﺮﯾﺐ ﮐﺎﭘﺎي ﺗﺼﺎوﯾﺮ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﺷﺪه OLI ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ 94,3 و 0,92 درﺻﺪ، + ETM 92,6 و 0,91 درﺻﺪ و TM 90,3 و 0,87 درﺻﺪ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮐﺮد ﮐﻪ اراﺿﯽ ﺟﻨﮕﻠﯽ و ﻣﺮاﺗﻊ ﻏﻨﯽ و ﻣﺸﺠﺮﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺳﯽ در ﻃﯽ ﺳﻪ ﺑﺎزه زﻣﺎﻧﯽ داﺷﺘﻪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ 11,64 و 19,12 درﺻﺪ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮري ﮐﻪ ﻣﺮاﺗﻊ ﻏﻨﯽ و ﻣﺸﺠﺮ ﺗﺎ ﺳﺎل 2000 روﻧﺪي اﻓﺰاﯾﺸﯽ و در ﺑﺎزه زﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﻌﺪي ﺗﺎ ﺳﺎل 2019 روﻧﺪ ﮐﺎﻫﺸﯽ داﺷﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. اراﺿﯽ ﻣﺴﮑﻮﻧﯽ، ﭘﻬﻨﻪ آﺑﯽ و ﺑﺎﻏﺎت روﻧﺪ اﻓﺰاﯾﺸﯽ داﺷﺘﻪ و ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ 0,57 ،2,27 و 3,98 درﺻﺪ رﺷﺪ اﻓﺰاﯾﺸﯽ داﺷﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ روﻧﺪ رو ﺑﻪ رﺷﺪ ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖ و ﺷﻬﺮ ﻧﺸﯿﻨﯽ ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ، اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﺿﺮوري را ﺟﻬﺖ ا ﺗﺨﺎذ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻤﺎت اﺳﺎﺳﯽ درﺗﺪوﯾﻦ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺘﯽ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ رﯾﺰان و ﻣﺪﯾﺮان ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ اي ﺟﻬﺖ ﭘﺎﯾﺪاري و ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ را ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻣﯽ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ.

Land use change due to human activities is one of the important issues in regional and development planning. Given the advantages and capabilities of satellite data, this technology can be of great help in identifying and detecting these changes. The purpose of this study is to detect land use changes in Kamyaran city using satellite images over a period of 35 years. In this study, data from 1984 TM sensor, 2000 ETM + sensor and 2019 Landsat OLI sensor were used. Initially, preliminary preprocessions including radiometric, atmospheric and geometric corrections were performed on the raw data. Land control points were used for training, accreditation and to prepare land use map. Land use class was determined by field survey and using Google Earth images in 9 land use classes of agricultural lands, forests, gardens, rich and wooded pastures, medium rangelands, residential areas, water area, barren lands and rock outcrops. Next, the neural network method was used to monitor the images in ENVI 5.3 software. The evaluation results showed that the overall accuracy and kappa coefficient of OLI classified images are 94.3 and 0.92%, ETM + 92.6 and 0.91% and TM 90.3 and 0.87%, respectively. The results showed that forest lands and rich and wooded pastures decreased significantly during three time periods, which decreased by 11.64 and 19.12 percent, respectively. So that rich and wooded pastures have an increasing trend until 2000 and in the next period until 2019 has a decreasing trend. Residential lands, water areas and gardens increased by 2.27%, 0.57% and 3.98%, respectively. Due to the growing trend of population and urbanization, the results of this study provide the necessary information to make basic decisions in the development of management policies for planners and regional managers for the sustainability and evaluation of natural resources.