شناخت و تحليل كالبدي معماري بومي روستاي ليوس

Physical analysis and cognition of vernacular architecture in Leives village

معماري بومي روستايي در بستر طبيعت شكل مي‌گيرد و پيوندي بين انسان و طبيعت بر اساس اين معماري ايجاد مي‌گردد كه لازمه آن هنري كاربردي در خدمت نياز انسان است. براي فهم اين هنر رجوع به نمونه‌هاي موجود و شناخت و تحليل آن‌ها بهترين مسير است. هدف مقاله حاضر شناخت و تحليل دلايل شكل‌گيري يكي از روستاهاي منحصربفرد معماري ايراني است. روستاي ليوس علاوه بر اين‌كه حامل ‌الگوهاي معماري بومي روستايي ايران است، ويژگي‌هاي كالبدي خاصي دارد كه برآمده از محيط شكل‌گيري روستا -كوه‌پايه‌هاي جنوب غربي زاگرس- است. بر مبناي هدف شناخت معماري بومي در روستاي ليوس سؤال، استقلال در ساخت‌وساز(بوم‌آورد بودن معماري روستاي ليوس) و پيوند با محيط پيرامون چگونه باعث بروز عناصر معماري و ساختاري و فرم‌هاي جديد در اين روستا شده است؟ شكل مي‌گيرند. بنابراين روش ميداني و پيمايشي براي گردآوري اطلاعات و پس از آن تحليل مطالعه موردي مبناي روش تحقيق قرار گرفت. روستاي ليوس در 80 كيلومتري شمال شرق دزفول، در دامنه كوهي صخره‌اي قرار دارد. تحليل كالبد روستا در دو مقياس كلان شامل: معابر، جهت‌گيري خانه‌ها و بازشوها، معماري پلكاني؛ و خرد شامل: كيفيت ورود و ابعاد بازشوها، مصالح، پوشش‌ها، كنوسازي و عايق‌بندي بام، تابو (ظرف سفالي بزرگ براي ذخيره حبوبات)، انجام مي‌شود. نتيجه اين شناخت و تحليل نشان مي‌دهد كه شكل خاص زندگي مردم ليوس(لزوم رعايت مسائل امنيتي، زندگي در حالتي بين يكجانشيني و كوچ و ايجاد واحدهاي مستقل زيستي در قالب خانه) دليل عدم وجود عناصر معماري زيرساختي زندگي اجتماعي(بازار، مسجد و مركز محله‌اي از پيش فكر شده) است. اين نوع زندگي، معماري ايجاد مي‌كند كه بر اساس آن مي‌توان ادعا كرد خلاقيت در معماري بومي به معني ساده‌ترين و دم‌دست‌ترين پاسخ به نيازهاي اصيل و مبنايي انسان است.

BACKGROUND an‎d OBJECTIVES: Rural architecture is formed in the context of nature. A link between man and nature is created based on this architecture, which requires applied art to serve human needs. The best way to understand this art is to refer to the existing examples of its identification and analysis. Studying the construction technics of rural architecture is one of the most important ways to understand the vernacular architecture of any land. Leives is located 80 km northeast of Dezful. The village is at the hillside of Langar Mountain. The most important historical places in this village are GadamGah of Leives village and the tomb of Gusheh village (10km south of Leives). METHODS: The present research is of a qualitative type that uses the grounded theory method. The field survey method was used to collect data and documentation. This article is the subject of empirical research that uses multiple sources and evidence to study the architecture of Leives village in its natural context. The architecture of Leives village is a cohesive whole created by its architectural details and structural techniques. To understand this whole, based on its components, cognition, and analysis of the village is described in two macro and micro scales. FINDINGS: Leives village is divided into Ashiriha and Dinavarha neighborhoods. Leives village development process considering historical and constructional evolution includes 1. The initial core of the village formed around GadamGah and a monument named castle in Dinavarha neighborhood. 2. Dinavarha neighborhood (east of the village) 3. Ashiriha neighborhood (west of the village) 4. New buildings with vernacular materials. 5. New buildings with cement blocks and iron beams. For construction analysis of village streams, the seasonal water flow path in the village is investigated. Water can play both destructive or constructive roles –depending on human brilliance in the choice of location settlement. There are one surrounding stream and three inner minor streams in the village. These streams have some benefits: making two gardens in the south and southwest, using the stream as a route, and creating a natural borderline between Ashiriha and Dinavarha neighborhoods. The structural morphology of the village is described in a macro-scale, including the routes (The village Passages have numerous warps and varying widths throughout, indicating that the village’s fabric has gradually developed by natural growth), and the direction and orientation of the houses, which is the same as the direction of the mountain -northwest, southeast. Therefore, the openings are facing southwest for utilizing the maximum solar radiation to warm inside the house and provide interior lighting). The stepped architecture, micro-scale includes: entrance quality and openings sizes (hard climates (cold winters and direct sunlight in summers), the need to protect the interior from unexpected invasions of humans and insects, the lack of suitable materials for making doors and windows, and a ceiling beam are some of the reasons for the small size and the limited number of the doors, and windows). Used materials (stone and plaster), roofing technique (typically are arched), roof water isolation (usage of the free space between arch and roof as a wheat silo), tabo (large Cereal storage container which is going to be built with clay inside building simultaneously with the construction of the building) are also investigated. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study emphasize the importance of choosing a suitable place to satisfy the living needs of villagers. Continuing to live in one place for centuries requires precise location choice in nature. In the village of Leives, the mountain direction and streams are the main factors in locating. Fields and gardens are at the south of the village, and the mountain protects the village like a strong barrier in the north. Being located next to the Langar Mountain brings security for the residents. Also, the farmers benefit from the good view of their cultivated lands. Living in this place requires its specific customs and behavior, and these customs also create their unique architecture. Selfsufficiency on a domestic scale, limited connections with other towns and villages, living between settlement and migration, nature dependency define the specific lifestyle of people in Leives. For this reason, there is no infrastructure designed for social life (such as the bazaar, mosque, and even designed neighborhood center). Finally, Leives architectural analysis can be described in this way: creativity in vernacular architecture is equivalent to the best, most simple, and most available answer to noble and basic human needs.