پديد آورندگان :
منتظر، بهناز دانشگاه آزاد اسلامي واحد قزوين - دانشكده معماري و شهرسازي - گروه معماري، قزوين، ايران , سلطان زاده، حسين دانشگاه آزاد اسلامي واحد تهران مركزي - دانشكده معماري و شهرسازي - گروه معماري، تهران، ايران , حسيني، بهشيد دانشگاه هنر - دانشكده معماري و شهرسازي - گروه معماري، تهران، ايران
كليدواژه :
معماري وارداتي , روسيه , معماري معاصر ايران , سفرنامه هاي ايرانيان , دوره قاجار , مؤلفه هاي معماري
چكيده فارسي :
اقدامات مؤثر پطركبير، نقطه عطف معماري روسيه به‌حساب مي‌آيد. وي با سفر به كشورهاي اروپايي، علاوه بر مشاهده پيشرفت آنان، با جذب هنرمندان و معماران مختلف كشورهاي اروپاي غربي، شروع به تقليد از آنها در حيطه‌هاي مختلف ازجمله معماري كرد. در اين بين، معماري وارداتي روسيه، خود بر تاريخ ساخت‌وسازهاي ايران به روش‌هاي مختلف تأثير گذاشته است. ازاين‌رو، پژوهش حاضر درصدد بازنمايي تأثير معماري وارداتي روسيه بر معماري معاصر ايران است تا به اين پرسش پاسخ دهد كه معماري روسيه چگونه در ايران موردتوجه و استفاده قرار گرفته است؟ بدين منظور، اين پژوهش به كمك تحليل محتواي يكي از اسناد تاريخي معتبر، يعني سفرنامه‌هاي ايرانيان سفركرده به روسيه كه به كمك نمونه‌گيري هدف‌دار انتخاب گشته‌اند، با روش تحقيق توصيفي-تحليلي به بررسي اين موضوع خواهد پرداخت. هدف اصلي پژوهش، تبيين تأثير معماري روسيه بر معماري ايران در دوره قاجار است. نتايج حاصل از پژوهش نشان مي‌دهد كه به‌واسطه مسائل سياسي و تاريخي متعددِ مابين دو كشور، سفرهاي مختلفي نيز به تبع آن صورت گرفته است كه با مطالعه پژواك سفرها تحت عنوان «سفرنامه» مي‌توان با معماري روسيه آن دوران كه به نحوي قدرت برتر اروپا بود، آشنايي پيدا كرد. از نتايج ديگر اين پژوهش، مي‌توان به مؤلفه‌هاي معماري كالبدي و عملكردي متعدد روسي كه با روش‌هاي مختلف در دوره قاجارِ ايران عيناً به اجرا درآمده است، اشاره كرد.
چكيده لاتين :
Peter the Great's effective actions are a turning point in Russian architecture. By traveling to European countries and observing their progress, he began to recruit various Western European artists and architects, and imitate them in various fields including architecture. In this respect, Russian imported architecture has influenced the history of Iranian
construction in various ways. Therefore, this study seeks to represent the impact of Russian imported architecture on
Iranian contemporary architecture in order to answer the question of how Russian architecture is perceived and used in
Iran? The research methodology is a combination of the descriptive-analytical method and content analysis, which is
carried out in two phases. The statistical population of the study is a collection of itineraries of Iranian who traveled to
Russia in the Qajar period. Purposive sampling was used to select seven of the most important itineraries as the sample
population for content analysis. In order to summarize the second phase and explain the impact of Russian architecture
on contemporary Iranian architecture, Russian-made buildings in Iran have been analyzed. Hence, in the first step, the
selected itineraries were reviewed in order to examine and extract the components of Russian imported architecture,
their spaces, and details in which travelers have carefully described - which did not exist in Iranian architecture- and in
the second step, the effectiveness and presence of these components in contemporary Iranian architectural monuments
have been discussed. The main objective of this research is to explain the influence of Russian architecture on Iranian
architecture during the Qajar Era. The findings show that due to numerous political and historical issues between the two
countries, various trips had been taken to Russia. By studying the echoes of the travels as “Itineraries”, one can become
familiar with the Russian architecture of that era, which was somehow the dominant power of Europe. Other findings
of this research show that the same architecture and constructions from the Qajar period have been implemented in
the form of various architectural components in Iran. Some of the most substantial components regarding the physical
elements are “Onion Dome”, “balcony”, various materials such as “Russian wood”, “high ceiling room”, and “large
low stairs” in the entrance axis. In terms of the functional elements, items such as “heater”, “furniture”, “functional
composition”, and “performance separation” can be mentioned. Also, it is clear from the data that the Russian architecture
has been implemented in Iran through a variety of ways and agents. For instance, the businessmen who have brought
back architectural drawings from their trips to Russia. Moreover, the Russian architecture had been imported by the
photographs and postcards of Russia, the Iranian engineers who were inspired by Russian style through Russian-trained
architects, and most importantly, the presence of Russian engineers in Iran.
