چكيده فارسي :
ﮔﻨﺪم در ﮐﺸﻮر و ﺣﺘﯽ در ﺟﻬﺎن ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻟﯽ اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﮋﯾﮏ ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﺷﺪه و ﺳﻄﺢ زﯾﺮ ﮐﺸﺖ زﯾﺎدي )ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ 50% اراﺿﯽ ﺗﺤﺖ ﮐﺸﺖ ﮐﺸﻮر( را ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮد اﺧﺘﺼﺎص ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ. ﻫﺪف اﺻﻠﯽ از اﯾﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ، ﻣﺮور و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ ﺑﺮ وﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﺑﻬﺮهوري آب ﮔﻨﺪم ﮐﺸﻮر و ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ آن ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﻮد. ﺑﺮاي اﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺑﺎ ﮔﺮدآوري و ﻣﺮور ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﻠﻤﯽ ﮐﺸﻮري و ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻬﺮهوري آب ﮔﻨﺪم )در ﺳﻄﻮح ﮐﻼن ﮐﺸﻮر، ﺣﻮﺿﻪ آﺑﺮﯾﺰ و اﺳﺘﺎﻧﯽ(، ﺟﻤﻊﺑﻨﺪيﻫﺎ، ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت، ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞﻫﺎ، و ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪﮔﯿﺮيﻫﺎي ﻻزم ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ آﻣﺪ. ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ، داﻣﻨﻪ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات ﺑﻬﺮهوري آب ﮔﻨﺪم در ﺳﻄﺢ ﮐﺸﻮر و ﺟﻬﺎن ﺑﺴﯿﺎر وﺳﯿﻊ ﺑﻮده )ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ 0/25-2/2 و 0/3-3/9 ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﮑﻌﺐ( و ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮاﯾﻄﯽ ﻧﻈﯿﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎﯾﯽ، آب و ﺧﺎك، ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ آﺑﯿﺎري، اﻗﻠﯿﻢ و ﻏﯿﺮه ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات زﯾﺎدي دارد. ﺑﻬﺮهوري آب ﮔﻨﺪم آﺑﯽ ﮐﺸﻮر )در ﻣﻘﯿﺎس ﻣﻠﯽ( ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ 0/87 ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﮑﻌﺐ ﺑﺮآورد ﻣﯽﮔﺮدد ﮐﻪ در ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻋﺪاد ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ در داﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻗﺮار ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮد. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ، ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ ﺑﻬﺮهوري آب ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه در ﻣﻘﯿﺎس اﺳﺘﺎﻧﯽ، ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﻬﺮهوري آب ﮔﻨﺪم در ﮐﺸﻮر ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ 0/75 ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﮑﻌﺐ ﺑﻮده ﮐﻪ ﻣﺠﺪداً در ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻋﺪاد ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ در ﺣﺪ وﺳﻂ )رو ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﺋﯿﻦ( ﻗﺮار دارد. ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ ﺑﻬﺮهوري آب ﮔﻨﺪم در ﮐﺸﻮر )0/75 ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﮑﻌﺐ و ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ آن ﺑﺎ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ ﺑﻬﺮهوري آب ﮔﻨﺪم 10 ﮐﺸﻮر ﻋﻤﺪه ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪﮐﻨﻨﺪه ﮔﻨﺪم ﺟﻬﺎن )0/93 ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﮑﻌﺐ(، ﺑﻬﺮهوري آب ﮔﻨﺪم ﮐﺸﻮر ﺣﺪود 25% ﮐﻤﺘﺮ از ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﯾﻦ ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻘﯿﺎس ﻣﻠﯽ )ﺑﺮاي ﮐﺸﻮر اﯾﺮان( و ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ اﯾﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ 0/93 و 1/1 ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﮑﻌﺐ اﺳﺖ. ﻟﺬا ﻣﻘﺪار ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺑﻬﺮهوري آب ﮔﻨﺪم ﮐﺸﻮر ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﺧﯿﻠﯽ وﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﻧﺎﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪي ﻧﺪارد و ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎ ﮐﻤﯽ )22%( ﺑﺮاي اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ آن ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ وﺟﻮد دارد. وﻟﯽ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ آن ﺗﺎ ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ﭘﯿﺸﺮو و ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ ﺑﺎﻻي ﺑﻬﺮهوري آب ﮔﻨﺪم )ﺻﺮﻓﻨﻈﺮ از اﻫﻤﯿﺖ و وﺳﻌﺖ ﮐﺸﺖ ﮔﻨﺪم در آﻧﻬﺎ( )ﻧﻈﯿﺮ اﮐﺜﺮ ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎي اروﭘﺎي ﻏﺮﺑﯽ، آﻓﺮﯾﻘﺎي ﺟﻨﻮﺑﯽ، و ﻣﺼﺮ در ﺧﺎورﻣﯿﺎﻧﻪ( ) ﮐﻪ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ 1/4 ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﮑﻌﺐ اﺳﺖ(، ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎ زﯾﺎد )50% ﮐﻤﺘﺮ( اﺳﺖ. ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪﮔﯿﺮي اﯾﻦ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ داﻣﻨﻪ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات ﺑﻬﺮهوري آب ﮔﻨﺪم در اﺳﺘﺎنﻫﺎ و ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﮐﺸﻮر زﯾﺎد اﺳﺖ، ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ اﻣﮑﺎن زﯾﺎدي ﺑﺮاي اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ آن در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪ ﺣﺘﯽ ﺗﺎ دو ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻓﻌﻠﯽ وﺟﻮد دارد، ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ رﯾﺰيﻫﺎ و ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪﮔﺬاريﻫﺎي ﻻزم درﻣﯿﺎنﻣﺪت ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺣﺼﻮل ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد.
چكيده لاتين :
Wheat is considered a strategic crop in the country and even in the world. It covers a large area under cultivation (approximately 50% of the country's cultivated lands).The main objective of this study was to review and analyze wheat WP in Iran and compare it with data of some other world countries. For this purpose, national and international scientific references were collected and reviewed, and the reported values for wheat WP (at the national, basin, and provincial scales) were arranged, calculated, and summarized, and necessary analyses and some conclusions were derived. According to the results, the range of wheat WP values in Iran and the world is very wide (0.25-2.2 and 0.3-3.9 kg/m3, respectively), depending on the geographical areas, water and soil conditions, different irrigation systems, climate, etc. The country's wheat WP (on a national scale) is estimated at 0.87 kg/m3, which is in the middle range compared to world. However, based on the reported wheat WP at the provincial level, the average wheat WP in the country is equal to 0.75 kg/m3, which is again in the (lower) middle range in comparison with the global values. Comparison of WP mean value at provincial level (0.75 kg/m3) with the average WP of 10 major wheat producing countries (0.93 kg/m3), indicated that the country's wheat WP is about 25% lower than the average of these countries. Moreover, the Iranian national wheat WP and the global scale average of this index is about 0.93 and 1.1 kg/m3, respectively. Therefore, the value of the country's wheat WP is not very low compared to the global average, and there is a relatively small gap (just 22%) with the global average. However, it is far from the values of the leading wheat producing countries (1.4 kg/m3), such as most Western European countries, South Africa, and Egypt in the Middle East, with a relatively large distance (50% lower). In conclusion, the range of wheat’s WP are very wide in different provinces and regions of the country, therefore there are many opportunities to increase it event up to twofold. This target could be achieved in the country in the medium term with the necessary investments and planning.
