روش ها و انگيزه هاي تحوّل انواع ادبي

Methods and motives for the evolution of literary types

ﺑﺤﺚ درﺑﺎرة اﻧﻮاع ادﺑﯽ، ﭘﯿﻮﺳــﺘﻪ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﭘﺮاﻫﻤﯿّﺖ ﺑﺮاي ﭘﮋوﻫﺶﮔﺮان در ﺣﻮزة ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪﻫﺎي ادﺑﯽ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. از زﻣﺎن ﻣﻄﺮح ﺷﺪن اﻧﻮاع ادﺑﯽ ـــ ﻋﺼﺮ ارﺳﻄﻮ ـــ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮان »ژاﻧﺮﻫﺎ« ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ اﻣﺮوز، ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺜﺎﺗﯽ ﺟﺪي و ﮔﺴـﺘﺮده درﺑﺎرة اﯾﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﺷﮑﻞ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. از ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﭘﺮﺳﺶﻫﺎ در اﯾﻦ ﻋﺮﺻﻪ، ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﯽ و ﭼﺮاﯾﯽ ﭘﺪﯾﺪ آﻣﺪن اﻧﻮاع ادﺑﯽ ﺗﺎزه اﺳـﺖ. ﭘﺮﺳـﺶﻫﺎﯾﯽ از اﯾﻦ دﺳـﺖ ﻧﺸﺎن از آن دارد ﮐﻪ اﻧﻮاع ادﺑﯽ در ﻃﻮل ﺣﯿﺎت ﺧﻮد ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ و ﮔﺴﺘﺮش ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪاﻧﺪ. ﺑﺮ اﯾﻦ ﭘﺎﯾﻪ، ﻣﺒﺤﺚ روشﻫﺎ و اﻧﮕﯿﺰهﻫﺎي ﺗﺤﻮّل اﻧﻮاع ادﺑﯽ ﺷﮑﻞ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮد. اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ روش ﺗﻮﺻـﯿﻔﯽ-ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ ﭘﯿﺶ ﻣﯽرود، ﺗﻼش دارد ﺿــﻤﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﻧﻮاع ادﺑﯽ، ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮﺳﺶ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﯽ و ﭼﺮاﯾﯽ ﺗﺤﻮّل اﯾﻦ اﻧﻮاع ﭘﺎﺳـﺦ دﻫﺪ. ﻧﺘﯿﺠﮥ ﺑﻪ دﺳـﺖ آﻣﺪه ﻧﺸﺎن از آن دارد ﮐﻪ اﻧﻮاع ادﺑﯽ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ، ﻋﻤﻮﻣـﺎً از رﻫﮕـﺬر ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﯾـﺎ اﺣﯿﺎي اﻧﻮاع ادﺑﯽ ﻗﺪﯾﻢ و ﺑﺎ روشﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻣﻮﺿــﻮع، ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ اﻧﺪازه، ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻣﺎﻫﯿّﺖ، ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ دو ﯾﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻧﻮع ادﺑﯽ، ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﮐﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﻮﺟّﻪ و ... ﭘﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﯽآﯾﻨﺪ. اﻧﮕﯿﺰهﻫﺎي اﯾﻦ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات ﻧﯿﺰ ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ از ﺳـﻔﺎرش ﯾﺎ ﻧﯿﺎز ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ، ﻃﺮز ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﺛﺮ ﺑﺎ واﻗﻌﯿّﺖ، ﺿـﺮورات ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از ﺷﯿﻮة ﺑﯿﺎن، وﺿﻌﯿّﺖ ﺧﺎصّ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺐ، ﮐﺎرآﻣﺪﺗﺮ ﺑﻮدن ﻧﻮع ادﺑﯽ ﻣﻨﺴﻮخ و ﻣﻌﺮّﻓﯽ آن، و ﯾﺎ ﻫﻢﺳﻮ ﮐﺮدن ﺧﻮد ﺑﺎ ﯾﮏ ﺧﺮدهﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ.

Literary genres have always been one of the most important topics for researchers in the field of literary theories. Since the advent of literary genres in Aristotle era, there has been a serious and wide-ranging debate on this issue. One of the most important questions is how and why new literary genres emerged. Questions like these indicate that literary genres have changed and expanded over time. On this basis, the issue of methods and motives for the evolution of literary genres has been formed. This article, which proceeds with a descriptive-analytical method, seeks to answer the question of how and why literary types evolve while defining literary types. The result shows that new literary types have generally emerged through the change or revival of old literary types as well as through the change of the subject, size or nature, combination of two or more literary types, or change of the focus. Also, the motives of these changes are the order or need of the society, the way the work interacts with reality, the necessities arising from the way of expression, the special situation of the audience, the more efficiency of the outdated literary types, or adaptation to a subculture.