پديد آورندگان :
باغجري، كمال دانشگاه تهران - دانشكدگان فارابي، ايران , ملايري، يدالله دانشگاه تهران - دانشكدگان فارابي، ايران , رنجبران، نسرين دانشگاه تهران - دانشكدگان فارابي، ايران
كليدواژه :
ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ ﻣﻨﯿﻒ , ﻣﺪن اﻟﻤﻠﺢ , ﻧﻈﺮﯾﮥ ﭘﺴﺎاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎري , ﻣﯿﺨﺎﺋﯿﻞ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﯿﻦ , ﭼﻨﺪﺻﺪاﯾﯽ , ﻧﻈﺮﯾﮥ ﭼﻨﺪآواﯾﯽ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﯿﻦ
چكيده فارسي :
دو ﻧﻈﺮﯾﮥ ﭘﺴﺎاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎري و ﭼﻨﺪﺻﺪاﯾﯽ )ﭘﻮﻟﯿﻔﻮﻧﯽ( از ﺟﻬﺖ واﮐﺎوي ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎن ﺗﮏ ﺻﺪاي ﻗﺪرت، ﭘﯿﻮﻧﺪي ﻧﺰدﯾﮏ ﺑﺎ ﯾﮑﺪﯾﮕﺮ دارﻧﺪ. درﺣﺎﻟﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻣﯿﺨﺎﺋﯿﻞ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﯿﻦ رﻣﺎن ﭼﻨﺪﺻﺪاﯾﯽ را ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﻫﺰارﺗﻮ و رﻧﮕﺎرﻧﮓ و ﻋﺮﺻﻪ اي ﺑﺮاي ﭘﮋواك آواﻫﺎي ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮن ﻣﯽ داﻧﺪ، ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ ﭘﺮدازان ﭘﺴﺎاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎري ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻮﺷﻨﺪ ﺳﻮﯾﻪ ﻫﺎ و ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺳﻠﻄﻪ ﮔﺮيِ ﻫﮋﻣﻮﻧﯿﮏ ﻣﺘﻮن ادﺑﯽ را ﺑﮑﺎوﻧﺪ و ﺻﺪاي ﻣﺮدﻣﺎنِ درﺣﺎﺷﯿﻪ و ﻓﺮودﺳﺖ را ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻧﻘﺪ ادﺑﯽ ﻗﺮار دﻫﻨﺪ. ﺑﺮ اﯾﻦ اﺳﺎس، ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﭘﯿﺶ رو، ﺑﺎ اﺗﮑﺎي ﺑﺮ ﻣﻔﺮوﺿﺎت ﻧﻈﺮﯾﮥ ﭼﻨﺪﺻﺪاﯾﯽ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﯿﻦ، ﻣﯽﮐﻮﺷﺪ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪﻫﺎي اﯾﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ، از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺷﯿﻮۀ رواﯾﺖ، ﺗﻌﺪد ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎن و ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي اﻟﺤﺎﻗﯽ را در ﭘﻨﺞ ﮔﺎﻧﮥ ﻣﺪن اﻟﻤﻠﺢ )ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎي ﻧﻤﮏ(، ﮐﻪ رواﯾﺘﯽ اﺳﺖ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﯽ از ﻓﺮآﯾﻨﺪ ﭘﯿﺪاﯾﺶ ﻧﻔﺖ در ﺷﺒﻪ ﺟﺰﯾﺮۀ ﻋﺮﺑﺴﺘﺎن و دﮔﺮدﯾﺴﯽ روﯾﮑﺮد اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎر )از ﺷﯿﻮۀ ﮐﻼﺳﯿﮏ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮ(، ﺑﮑﺎود و ﺑﺮﻣﺒﻨﺎي آن، ﺧﻮاﻧﺸﯽ ﭘﺴﺎاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎري از رﻣﺎن ﻣﺰﺑﻮر اراﺋﻪ دﻫﺪ. دﺳﺘﺎوردﻫﺎي اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ را ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮان در دو ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮي و ﮐﺎرﺑﺮدي ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﮐﺮد: اول، ﻣﻨﻄﻖ ﻣﮑﺎﻟﻤﻪ اي و ﻧﻈﺮﯾﮥ ﭼﻨﺪﺻﺪاﯾﯽ ﻣﯿﺨﺎﺋﯿﻞ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﯿﻦ، ﺑﻪ دﻟﯿﻞ ﮐﺎرﺑﺴﺘﺶ در ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺳﻠﻄﻪ ﮔﺮي و ﺗﮏ ﺻﺪاﯾﯽِ ﻗﺪرت ﻣﻄﻠﻘﻪ، ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ اﻓﻖ ﻫﺎي ﻧﻮﯾﻨﯽ در ﺣﻮزۀ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺗﯽ ﭘﺴﺎاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎري ﺑﮕﺸﺎﯾﺪ؛ و دوم، ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ ﻣﻨﯿﻒ در ﭘﻨﺞ ﮔﺎﻧﮥ ﻣﺪن اﻟﻤﻠﺢ، ﺑﺎ اراﺋﮥ آواﻫﺎ و ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎن ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ و ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي اﻟﺤﺎﻗﯽِ ﺑﺮﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ از ﺳﻨﺖ ﻓﮑﺮي و ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽِ ﻋﺮﺑﯽ-اﺳﻼﻣﯽ، ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎن ﻣﺴﻠﻂ اﺳﺘﺒﺪاد/اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎر را وارد ﻣﻨﻄﻖ ﻣﮑﺎﻟﻤﻪ اي ﮐﺮده و ﻣﺸﺮوﻋﯿﺖ ﺑﺮﺳﺎﺧﺘﮥ آن را ﺑﺎ ﻗﺮاردادن در ﮐﻨﺎر ﭘﺎدﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎن ﻫﺎي ﻫﻢ ارز، از ﮐﺎر اﻧﺪاﺧﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ.
چكيده لاتين :
Post-colonialism and the theory of polyphony are closely related in terms of analyzing the monophonic discourse of power. While Mikhail Bakhtin considers the polyphonic novel as a labyrinthine, colorful world that gives vent to heterogeneous voices, postcolonial theorists attempt to investigate aspects and factors of hegemonic tyranny and discuss the voice of the marginalized and the disadvantaged people as the topic of literary criticism. Cities of Salt by Abdul Rahman Munif (the famous Arab novelist), which is a quasi-historical account of the process of the discovery of oil in Saudi Arabia and the transformation in the point of view of colonialism (from classic to modern), adopts a polyphonic and dialogic narrative in order to offer a multifarious image of the middle east during the colonial and the post-colonial periods. It sets out to show how the modern colonialist perspective of the United States substitutes the classic British one. In theoretical terms, the present study expounds upon some of the most central components of Mikhail Bakhtin’s theory of polyphony and dialogism so as to apply it to postcolonial studies. In applied terms, the writers have attempted, relying on assumptions of Bakhtin’s polyphonic theory –such as the narrative line, the multiplicity of discourse and the incorporated genres– to offer a postcolonial reading of the pentalogy Cities of Salt. Hence, the findings of the present article can be divided into two theoretical and applied parts: first, dialogism and the polyphonic theory of the novel by Bakhtin can open new horizons in the field of postcolonial studies, such as divulging the hegemonic aspects of the literary text and, more specifically, the narrative. Second, Abdul Rahman Munif, in Cities of Salt, offers various voices and discourses so as to push the dominant discourse of tyranny/ colonialism into a dialogic structure and nullify its made-up authority through juxtaposing it with other, equally valid, anti-discourses. Third, the writer offers incorporated genres adapted from the cultural Arabic-Islamic tradition in order to render null and void the oriental discourse of colonialism, which consists of robbing the colonized of their identity and ignoring their history and culture in an attempt to make them appear as savage barbarians.
