كاركرد گفتگو در اشعار مقاومت محمود درويش بر مبناي نظريۀ گفتگومندي باختين؛ موردپژوهي شعر «جُنديٌ يحلم بالزنابق البيضاء»

Function of Dialogue Element in Mahmud Darwish’s Poetry of Resistance According to Bakhtin’s Dialogism Theory (Case Study of Jundy yahlam bi-alzanabiq al-bayda')

ﺑﺎﺧﺘﯿﻦ در ﻓﻀﺎي ﺗﮏﺻﺪاي ﺣﺎﮐﻢ ﺑﺮ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺧﻮد، ادﺑﯿﺎت را ﻋﺮﺻﻪاي ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺘﻘﺎد ﻗﺮار داد و ﺑﺎ اراﺋﻪ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﮥ ﮔﻔﺘﮕﻮﻣﻨﺪي، ﭘﺎﯾﻪﮔﺬار ﺑﺮﺧﯽ از ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪﻫﺎ و روﯾﮑﺮدﻫﺎي ﻧﻘﺪي و ادﺑﯽ ﺷﺪ. ﻣـﺘﻦ ادﺑـﯽ ﺑـﻪ وﯾـﮋه رﻣـﺎن ، از دﯾﺪﮔﺎه ﺑﺎﺧﺘﯿﻦ، ﻣﺤﻞ ﺗﻀﺎرب اﯾﺪﺋﻮﻟﻮژيﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﻫﺴﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺷﺨﺼـﯿﺖ ﻫـﺎي اﺛـﺮ آن را ﻧﻤﺎﯾﻨـﺪﮔﯽ ﻣـﯽ ﮐﻨﻨـﺪ. ﮔﺮﭼﻪ اﯾﻦ دﯾﺪﮔﺎه در اﺑﺘﺪا ﺑﺎ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻣﺘﻮن رواﯾﯽ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ آﺛﺎر داﺳﺘﺎﯾﻮﻓﺴﮑﯽ ﺟﻠﻮهﮔﺮ ﺷﺪ، اﻣﺎ اﺗﮑﺎء ﺑـﻪ آن در ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻣﺘﻮن ﺷﻌﺮي ﻧﯿﺰ اﯾﻦ ﻣﺘﻮن را ﺑﺎ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ ﻧﻮ ﻣﻮاﺟﻪ ﮐﺮد. از ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﯿـﺖ ﻫـﺎي ﺟﻠـﻮه ﮔـﺮي ﭼﻨﺪﺻﺪاﯾﯽ و ﻣﻨﻄﻖ ﻣﮑﺎﻟﻤﻪ، وﺟﻮد ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﮔﻔﺘﮕﻮ در اﯾﻦ ﻣﺘﻮن اﺳﺖ. ﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﮔﻔﺘﮕـ ﻮ ﺻـﺮﻓ ﺎً ﻧﻤـﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧـﺪ ﺑـﺎ ﮔﻔﺘﮕﻮﻣﻨﺪي ﯾﮑﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ، اﻣﺎ ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﺤﻠﯽ ﺑﺮاي اﺑﺮاز ﭼﻨﺪﺻﺪاﯾﯽ ﻣﺘﻮن ادﺑﯽ ﺗﻠﻘـﯽ ﮔـﺮدد. ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ اﯾـﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ درﺻﺪد اﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﻈﺮﯾﮥ ﮔﻔﺘﮕﻮﻣﻨﺪي ﺑﺎﺧﺘﯿﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﮔﻔﺘﮕﻮﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﺟـﻮد در ﺷـﻌﺮ »ﺟﻨﺪي ﯾﺤﻠﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻧﺎﺑﻖ اﻟﺒﯿﻀﺎء« ﻣﺤﻤﻮد دروﯾﺶ ﺑﭙﺮدازد ﺗﺎ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ ﺻﺪاﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ دروﯾﺶ در اﯾﻦ ﺷﻌﺮ ﺑﺎزﺗﺎﺑﺎﻧﺪه اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎرﮐﺮد اﯾﻦ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ در ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﻣﺘﻦ ﺷﻌﺮي ﺑﭙﺮدازد. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﭘـﮋوﻫﺶ ﻧﺸـﺎن ﻣـﯽ دﻫـﺪ ﮐـﻪ دروﯾﺶ در راﺳﺘﺎي ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﻈﻠﻮﻣﯿﺖ ﻣﻠﺖ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﯿﻦ، ﺗﮏ ﺻﺪاﯾﯽ را اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻧﮑﺮده اﺳﺖ؛ ﺑﻠﮑﻪ در ﻗﺎﻟﺐﻫـﺎي رواﯾﯽ ﺳﺎده و ﮔﻔﺘﮕﻮﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﺘﻌﺪد از زﺑﺎن ﻓﻠﺴﻄﯿﻨﯿﺎن و اﺷﻐﺎﻟﮕﺮان ﺿﻤﻦ اراﺋـ ﮥ دﯾـﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎي ﻫـﺮ دو ﺳـﻮ و دﯾﮕﺮ ﺻﺪاﻫﺎي ﭘﯿﺮاﻣﻮﻧﯽ، ﺷﻌﺮش را ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻠﯽ ﺑﺮاي اﺑﺮاز ﺣﻘﺎﻧﯿﺖ ﺷﺨﺼـﯿﺘ ﻬﺎ ﺑـﺪل ﮐـﺮده و ﺧﻮاﻧﻨـﺪه را در ﻣﻘﺎم داوري ﻣﻨﺼﻒ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻌﺮ ﺧﻮد دﻋﻮت ﻧﻤﻮده اﺳﺖ.

Bakhtin’s theory about dialogism of texts, polyphonic novel, intertextual relations and carnivals has inspired several literary critics and theoreticians in west. In Bakhtin’s point of view, human is a social being that finds his/ her truth of being in dialogic relationship with others; therefore, the truth of being of a text not only expresses the writer’s ideology, but also is a place for expression of ideologies possessed by each character that each one of them is representative of a stratum and ideology. However, this point of view has appeared in analysis of narrative texts such as Dostoevsky’s works initially, relying on it in poetry has also confronted these texts with a new analysis. One of the most important blaze situations of polyphony and logic of conversation is the element of dialogue in these texts. Although, dialogue cannot be the same as dialogism merely, it can be considered as a place for expression of polyphony of literary texts. Therefore, the present study seeks to address the function of polyphony in the structure of poetic texts, meanwhile explaining the voices that Darwish had utilized in his poems through investigating existing dialogues in Mahmud Darwish’s one poem that is uttered by characters depicted by Darwish and demonstrate dialogism of his poetry. The results of the analysis show that Darwish have not selected monologue in order to demonstrate oppression of the Palestinian people, but in simple narrative formats and various dialogues between Palestinians and occupiers has changed his poems to a place for expression of characters’ legitimacy meanwhile presenting both parties’ point of views and surrounding voices and the reader is invited to his poem as a fair judge.