ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﮐﻬﻦ اﻟﮕﻮي ﺣﺎﮐﻢ در رﻣﺎن ﻣﻮت ﺻﻐﯿﺮ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻧﻈﺮﯾﮥ ﭘﯿﺮﺳﻮن – ﮐﯽ ﻣﺎر

A Study of the Ruler Archetype in Little Death Based on Pearson-Maar Theory

ﺷﺨﺼﯿﺖ و ﺗﻌﺎﻟﯽ آن ﯾﮑﯽ از ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت ﻣﺸﺘﺮك ﻋﺮﻓﺎن و روان ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ و ادﺑﯿﺎت اﺳﺖ؛ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ، ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ و ﺗﮑﺎﻣـﻞ آن ﻫﻤﻮاره ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻋﺮﻓﺎ و روان ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎن ﺑﻮده و در ادﺑﯿﺎت ﻧﯿﺰ ﻧﻤﻮد ﭘﯿﺪا ﮐﺮده اﺳـﺖ.ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﺷﺨﺼـﯿﺖ ﻫـﺎي ﺣﻘﯿﻘـﯽ و ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪ در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻗﻬﺮﻣﺎن داﺳﺘﺎن ﻫﺎ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ،ﮐﺎرﮐﺮد ﮐﻬﻦ اﻟﮕﻮي »ﺧﻮد« اﻫﻤﯿﺖ وﯾﮋه اي ﭘﯿﺪا ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ. رﻣـﺎن ﻣـﻮت ﺻﻐﯿﺮ رواﯾﺘﮕﺮ ﺷﮑﻞ ﮔﯿﺮي ﺷﺨﺼﯿﺖ ﯾﮑﯽ از ﭼﻬﺮه ﻫﺎي ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﮥ ﻋﺮﻓﺎن و ﺗﺼﻮف اﺳﻼﻣﯽ، ﻣﺤﯽ اﻟﺪﯾﻦ ﻋﺮﺑﯽ اﺳﺖ. اﺑﻦ ﻋﺮﺑﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﻋﯽ ﭘﺪر وﺣﺪت وﺟﻮد اﺳﻼﻣﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﯽ آﯾﺪ، ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﯾﻪ ﮔﺬاري ﻋﺮﻓﺎن ﻧﻈﺮي، ﻋﺮﻓﺎن اﺳﻼﻣﯽ را ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﮥ ﺟﺪﯾﺪي وارد ﺳﺎﺧﺖ. اﺑﻦ ﻋﺮﺑﯽ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺎت ﻣﺘﻌﺪدي در ﻋﺮﻓﺎن ﻣﻄﺮح ﮐﺮده اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ آﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﮥ وﺣﺪت وﺟﻮد و اﻧﺴﺎن ﮐﺎﻣﻞ اﺳﺖ. ﮐﻤﺎل و رﺷﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﯿﺖ،ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺎت روان ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ را ﺑﻪ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ ﻋﺮﻓﺎﻧﯽ اﺻﯿﻞ ﻫﻤﭽﻮن ﻧﻈﺮﯾﮥ اﻧﺴﺎن ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﺰدﯾﮏ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﻣﺤﻤﺪﺣﺴﻦ ﻋﻠﻮان در رﻣﺎن ﻣﻮت ﺻﻐﯿﺮ و در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﭘﺴﺖ ﻣﺪرﻧﯿﺴﻢ ﺑﺎ اﻟﻬﺎم از ﺷﺮح ﺣﺎﻟﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺷﯿﺦ اﮐﺒﺮ در ﮐﺘﺎب ﻓﺘﻮﺣﺎت ﻣﮑﯿﻪ از ﺧﻮد اراﺋﻪ داده ، دو داﺳﺘﺎن ﻣﻮازي را ﻣﻄـﺮح ﮐـﺮده اﺳـﺖ؛ داﺳﺘﺎن اول، ﺑﯿﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺳﺮﮔﺬﺷﺖ اﺑﻦ ﻋﺮﺑﯽ و داﺳﺘﺎن دوم، ﺳﺮﮔﺬﺷﺖ دﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ دﺳـﺖ ﺷـﺪن زﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﻧﺎﻣـﮥ او در ﻃـﯽ زﻣـﺎن اﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺎ روﯾﮑﺮد روان ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ و ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻧﻈﺮﯾﮥ ﭘﯿﺮﺳﻮن –ﮐﯽ ﻣﺎر ﺷﺨﺼﯿﺖ اﺑﻦ ﻋﺮﺑﯽ را ﺑﺮرﺳـﯽ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ.ﺑـﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر، اﺑﺘﺪا دو داﺳﺘﺎن ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در اﯾﻦ رﻣﺎن از ﯾﮑﺪﯾﮕﺮﺗﻔﮑﯿﮏ ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ و ﺗﻨﻬﺎ داﺳﺘﺎن ﺳﺮﮔﺬﺷﺖ اﺑﻦ ﻋﺮﺑﯽ ﺑﺮرﺳـﯽ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﮐﯽ از آن اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ درﻧﻈﺮﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ آراء اﺑﻦ ﻋﺮﺑﯽ، از ﻣﯿﺎن ﮐﻬـﻦ اﻟﮕﻮﻫـﺎي دوازده ﮔﺎﻧـﮥ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﮥ ﭘﯿﺮﺳﻮن-ﮐﯽ ﻣﺎر، ارﺗﺒﺎط ﻣﻌﻨﺎداري ﺑﯿﻦ ﮐﻬﻦ اﻟﮕﻮي ﺣﺎﮐﻢ و ﻧﻈﺮﯾﮥ اﻧﺴﺎن ﮐﺎﻣﻞ اﺑﻦ ﻋﺮﺑﯽ وﺟﻮد دارد؛ ﺑـﻪ ﻃـﻮري ﮐﻪ ﻗﻬﺮﻣﺎن داﺳﺘﺎن ﭘﺲ از ﻃﯽ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻋﺰﯾﻤﺖ، ﺗﺸـﺮف و ﺑﺎزﮔﺸﺖ،ﺧﺼﻮﺻـﯿﺎت ﮐﻬﻦ اﻟﮕـﻮي ﺣـﺎﮐﻢ را از ﺧـﻮد ﺑـﺮوز ﻣﯽ دﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪودي ﺑﻪ وﯾﮋﮔﯽ ﻫﺎي اﻧﺴﺎن ﮐﺎﻣﻞ اﺑﻦ ﻋﺮﺑﯽ ﻧﺰدﯾﮏ اﺳﺖ و ﻫـﺮدو ﺑـﻪ ﻧـﻮﻋﯽ ﻣﻌﯿﺎرﻫـﺎي ﺧﻮدﺷـﮑﻮﻓﺎﯾﯽ ﺷﺨﺼﯿﺖ را ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه دارﻧﺪ.

The character and its transcendence are common themes between mysticism, psychology, and literature. Hence, mystics and psychologists have always been curious about understanding it and identifying the path of its evolution. This curiosity has also been manifested in literature. Salient characters' appearance as heroes further adds to the significance of the function of the Self archetype. Little Death narrates the formation of the character of one of the distinguished faces of mysticism and Islamic Sufism, Muhyī al-Dīn Arabi. In a way known as the father of the unity of existence in Islamic thought, Ibn Arabi opened a new window to Islamic mysticism by founding theoretical mysticism. Ibn Arabi has propounded many theories in mysticism, the most important of which is the unity of existence and perfect man. The elevation and growth of the character are among the subjects that have reduced the distance between new psychological theories and genuine concepts in mysticism, such as the perfect man theory. Inspired by the autobiography produced by Sheik Akbar in his book Meccan Revelations, Mohammad Hassan Alwan adopts a post-modernist approach to narrate two parallel stories. The first story expresses the life events of Ibn Arabi, and the second story tells his biography. This paper examines the character of Ibn Arabi from a psychological and theoretical perspective based on the Pearson-Mar theory.To this end, the two stories were separated, and only the story of Ibn Arabi's life events was examined. Examining the ideas of Ibn Arabi indicated a significant relationship between his theory of perfect man and the archetype of the ruler (among the twelve archetypes of the Pearson-Maar theory). Upon departure, initiation, and return, the protagonist reveals the characteristics of the ruler archetype, which are close to the characteristics of the perfect man propounded by Ibn Arabi: Each has specific criteria for self-actualization of character potentials.