دموكراسي‌سازي و چالش‌هاي دولت ـ ملت‌سازي در عراق بعد از سال 2003

Democratization and the Challenges of State-Nation in Iraq after 2003

ﻏﺮب آﺳﯿﺎ ازﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻘﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎي آن ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺟﻬﺎن، روﻧﺪ دوﻟﺖ ـ ﻣﻠﺖﺳﺎزي ﻣﻮﻓﻘﯽ را ﻃﯽ ﻧﮑﺮدهاﻧﺪ. از ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﯾﻦ دﻻﯾﻞ اﯾﻦ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ، ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﮕﯽ ﺑﻮدن اﮐﺜﺮ ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ﻏﺮب آﺳﯿﺎ و ﺳﺮﺑﺮآوردن آنﻫﺎ از ﻗﺮاردادﻫﺎي ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺟﻨﮓ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ اول و ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﻊ آن، ﻋﺪم اﻧﻄﺒﺎق دوﻟﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻠﺖ اﺷﺎره ﮐﺮد؛ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ ﻫﻢ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎﯾﯽ و وﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﻣﺮزﻫﺎ و ﻫﻢ ﺣﮑﻮﻣﺖ اﯾﻦ ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎ، ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻗﺪرتﻫﺎي ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ ﺷﮑﻞ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﻋﺮاق ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﯿﻦ دﻻﯾﻞ ﻫﻤﻮاره ﺑﺎ ﻋﺪم ﺗﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﻗﻮﻣﯽ ـ ﻣﺬﻫﺒﯽ، ﺳﻠﻄﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﮐﻮب ﮔﺮوه اﻗﻠﯿﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﮔﺮوهﻫﺎ و درﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻨﺶ و ﺑﯽﺛﺒﺎﺗﯽ ﻣﻮاﺟﻪ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ را ﺑﺎ اﯾﻦ ﺳﺆال ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﮐﺮد ﮐﻪ دوﻟﺖ ـ ﻣﻠﺖﺳﺎزي در ﻋﺮاق ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺳﻘﻮط ﺻﺪام ﺑﺎ ﭼﻪ ﭼﺎﻟﺶﻫﺎ و آﺳﯿﺐﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﻮاﺟﻪ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ؟ ﻓﺮﺿﯿﻪ اﯾﻦ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻫﺎي داﺧﻠﯽ و ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﯽ؛ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ وﺟﻮد ﺷﮑﺎفﻫﺎي ﻗﻮﻣﯽ، ﻣﺬﻫﺒﯽ و ﻧﮋادي، ﻋﺪم ﺷﮑﻞ ﮔﯿﺮي و ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ ﻫﻮﯾﺖ ﻣﻠﯽ و ﻣﺪاﺧﻼت ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ، ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻋﺪم دﺳﺖﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺑﻪ دوﻟﺖ ـ ﻣﻠﺖﺳﺎزي ﻣﻮﻓﻖ در ﻋﺮاق ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﻫﺪف ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ آﺳﯿﺐ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻧﻪ روﻧﺪ دوﻟﺖ ـ ﻣﻠﺖ ﺳﺎزي در ﻋﺮاق ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺳﺎل 2003 ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر اراﺋﻪ راهﮐﺎري در اﯾﻦ زﻣﯿﻨﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ از ﻧﻮع ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ ـ ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻨﯽ اﺳﺖ و اﻃﻼﻋﺎت و داده ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ روش ﮐﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ اي ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺳﻘﻮط ﺻﺪام، اﺷﺒﺎع ﺳﺮزﻣﯿﻨﯽ، ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﯽ و ﯾﮑﭙﺎرﭼﮕﯽ ﻣﻠﯽ و ﺛﺒﺎت ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ در ﻋﺮاق ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦ ﻧﺸﺪه اﺳﺖ.

The Middle East is one of the regions whose countries have not undergone a successful nation-state-building process compared to other parts of the world. One of the most important reasons for this is the fabrication of most Middle Eastern countries and their withdrawal from post-World War I treaties and the consequent non-compliance of the government with the nation. . Thus, both the geographical map and the state of the borders, as well as the government of these countries, were formed by foreign powers. For these reasons, Iraq has always faced ethnic and religious heterogeneity, domination with the suppression of minority groups over other groups, and as a result, tension and instability. Even after the fall of Saddam Hussein and the beginning of the democratization process, the country has faced fundamental challenges to state-nation building. This question can be examined by asking what challenges and harms the nation-building in Iraq has faced since the fall of Saddam. The hypothesis is that various internal and external challenges, such as ethnic, religious, and racial divisions, lack of national identity formation, and foreign intervention, have prevented successful nation-state building in Iraq.