نقش بازيگران دفاعي- امنيتي مردم‌نهاد در تحولات غرب آسيا مطالعه موردي: حزب‌الله لبنان

The Role of the People-Centered Defense and Security Forces in West of Asia: Case Study: Lebanon's Hezbollah

ﻟﺒﻨﺎن در ﻧﯿﻢ ﻗﺮن اﺧﯿﺮ ﺑﻪ دﻻﯾﻠﯽ ﻫﻤﭽﻮن وﻗﻮع ﺟﻨﮓ داﺧﻠﯽ )1975-1989(، ﺗﻬﺎﺟﻢ و اﺷـﻐﺎل ﺧـﺎك ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ رژﯾﻢ ﺻﻬﯿﻮﻧﯿﺴﺘﯽ )1982-2000( و اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ دﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻗﺪرت ﻫﺎي ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ ﺑﻪ ﯾﮑﯽ از ﮐﺎﻧﻮن ﻫﺎي ﺑﺤـﺮان ﻧـﯿﻢ ﻗﺮن اﺧﯿﺮ ﻏﺮب آﺳﯿﺎ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. اﻣﺮي ﮐﻪ ﭘﯿﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎي ﺑﺴﯿﺎري از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ، ﻧﺎﭘﺎﯾﺪاري ﻧﻬـﺎد دوﻟـﺖ و اﻓـﺰاﯾﺶ ﮐﻨﺸﮕﺮي ﺑﺎزﯾﮕﺮان دﻓﺎﻋﯽ- اﻣﻨﯿﺘﯽ ﻣﺮدم ﻧﻬﺎد را ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮد ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه داﺷﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﺷـﮑﻞ ﮔﯿـﺮي ﺣـﺰب اﷲ ﻟﺒﻨـﺎن در ﭘﺮﺗﻮ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺗﺤﻮﻻﺗﯽ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ درك اﺳﺖ و ﺑﻪ ﻣﺜﺎﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﺳﺨﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺤﺮان ﻫﺎي اﻣﻨﯿﺘﯽ ﺷﮑﻞ ﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻪ در ا ﯾـ ﻦ ﮐﺸـﻮر ﺑـﻪ ﺷﻤﺎر ﻣﯽ رود. ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ آن، ﻣﺠﺎورت ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﻟﺒﻨﺎن ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ از ﮐﺎﻧﻮن ﻫﺎي ﺑﺤﺮان ﻏـﺮب آﺳـ ﯿﺎ، ﻣﻮﺟـﺐ ﻓـﺮاﻫﻢ ﺷﺪن ﻓﻀﺎي ﻣﺎﻧﻮر وﮐﻨﺸﮕﺮي ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ اي ﺑﺮاي ﺣﺰب اﷲ ﺷﺪ. اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻮﻻت ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﺣﺰب اﷲ ﻟﺒﻨﺎن ﺑﻪ ﯾﮏ ﺑـﺎزﯾﮕﺮ ﺗﻤﺎم ﻋﯿﺎر ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ و ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ اي در دو دﻫﻪ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺎ اﯾﻦ وﺻـﻒ، ﻫـ ﺪف از اﯾـ ﻦ ﭘـﮋوﻫﺶ اراﺋـﻪ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ از ﻣﺎﻫﯿﺖ ﺣﺰب اﷲ ﻟﺒﻨﺎن اﺳﺖ. ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر، ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روش ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ و ﺑﻬﺮه ﮔﯿﺮي از ﻣﻔﻬﻮم ﺑﺎزﯾﮕﺮان ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﯽ در ﭘﯽ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺳﻮال اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺣﺰب اﷲ ﻟﺒﻨﺎن ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨـﻮان ﯾـﮏ ﺑﺎزﯾﮕﺮ دﻓﺎﻋﯽ- اﻣﻨﯿﺘﯽ ﻣﺮدم ﻧﻬﺎد در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻏﺮب آﺳﯿﺎ ﭼﻪ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ؟ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي ﭘـﮋوﻫﺶ ﻧﺸـﺎن ﻣـ ﯽ دﻫـﺪ ﮐـﻪ ﺣﺰب اﷲ ﺑﻪ واﺳﻄﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮐﺎروﯾﮋه ﻫﺎي ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﯽِ ﺷﺒﻪ دوﻟﺘﯽ )ﺗـﺄﻣﯿﻦ اﻣﻨﯿـﺖ داﺧﻠـﯽ، اراﺋـﻪ ﺧـﺪﻣﺎت اﺟﺘﻤـﺎﻋﯽ و ﻣﺸﺎرﮐﺖ در ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ( و ﻓﺮادوﻟﺘﯽ )ﻣﺸﺎرﮐﺖ در ﺟﻨﮓ ﺳﻮرﯾﻪ و ﺳﺎزﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﯽ ﮔﺮوه ﻫﺎي ﻋـﺮب زﺑـﺎن ﻣﺤـﻮر ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ( ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﯽ در ﺗﺤﻮﻻت ﻏﺮب آﺳﯿﺎ اﯾﻔﺎ ﮐﺮده اﺳﺖ.

In the last half century, Lebanon has been one of the focal points of the West Asian crisis of the last half century for reasons such as the outbreak of the Civil War (1989-1975), the Israeli invasion and occupation of Lebanese territory (1982-2000), and the increasing involvement of foreign powers. This has had many consequences, including state instability and increased activism of People-Centered Defense and Security Forces. The formation of Lebanon's Hezbollah in the light of such developments is understandable and is seen as a response to the security crises in the country.in addition, Lebanon's geographical proximity to some of the Middle East crisis hotspots provided an area for Hezbollah to maneuver and act regionally. These events have turned Lebanon's Hezbollah into a full-fledged political and regional actor over the past two decades. The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the nature of Lebanon's Hezbollah. To this end, this article uses the concept of Hybrid Actors to answer the question of what was the role of Lebanon's Hezbollah as a People-Centered Defense and Security actor in the West Asian region? The research findings show that Hezbollah has played an important role in the developments in West Asia by performing quasi-states (security, social services, participation in the political structure) and Non-State (participation in the Syrian war and Organizing resistance-axis Arab groups). It is necessary to mention that this research has been done by analytical-descriptive method.