بررسي قوانين مربوط به «پايش پنهاني مكان‌ها» در ايران

Legal Nature of Covert Surveillance of Places in Iranian Law

ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺗﯽ در ﺧﺼﻮص ﺟﺮاﯾﻢ در ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﻣﻮارد ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻫـﺎﯾﯽ ﺑـﻪ دﻧﺒـﺎل داﺷـﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ. از ﺳـﻮي دﯾﮕﺮ ﭘﯿﮕﯿﺮي و رﺳﯿﺪﮔﯽ اﻋﻤﺎل ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪ، ﻫﻤﻮاره زﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﻪ وﻗﻮع ﻣﯽ ﭘﯿﻮﻧﺪد ﮐﻪ اﯾﻦ اﻋﻤﺎل ﮐﺸﻒ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ و ﭘﺮوﻧﺪة ﮐﯿﻔﺮي زﻣﺎﻧﯽ از دادﮔﺎه ﺑﻪ دادﺳﺮا ﮔﺴﯿﻞ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد ﮐﻪ ادﻟﮥ ﻣﺤﮑﻮﻣﯿﺖ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺻﺪور ﻗﺮار ﻣﺠﺮﻣﯿﺖ ﮐﻔﺎﯾـﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ. ﺑﺴﯿﺎري از ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﮐﺸﻒ ادﻟﻪ و ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺗﯽ ﻃﯽ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت ﭘﻠﯿﺴﯽ ﺑﺪﺳـﺖ ﻣـﯽ آﯾـﺪ. اﯾـﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﯿـﺎت ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﭘﺎﯾﺶ ﭘﻨﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﮑﺎن ﻫﺎ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ، آﻧﭽﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺤﺚ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻮد و ﺑﻪ روش ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ ـ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ ﺑـﻪ آن ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﯿﻢ؛ ﭘﺎﯾﺶ ﻣﺨﻔﯿﺎﻧﮥ اﻣﺎﮐﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺳﻤﻌﯽ و ﺑﺼﺮي ﺑﻮد. ﺿـﺮورت اﻧﺠـﺎم اﯾـﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿـﻖ آن اﺳـﺖ ﮐـﻪ ﭘﺎﯾﺶ ﭘﻨﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﮑﺎن ﻫﺎ از ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﻌﺮض ﺑﻪ ﺣﻘﻮق ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ اﻓﺮاد ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﻪ ﺑﺮاﻧﮕﯿﺰ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻧـﻮع ﭘـﺎﯾﺶ در اﺻﻄﻼح ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ اﺳﺘﺮاق ﺳﻤﻊ ﯾﺎ ﺷﻨﻮد ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷـﻮد. ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪه ﮔﺮدﯾـﺪ ﮐـﻪ ﻗـﺎﻧﻮن اﺳﺎﺳـﯽ و ﻗـﺎﻧﻮن آﯾـﯿﻦ دادرﺳﯽ ﮐﯿﻔﺮي ورود ﻏﯿﺮﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ ﺑﻪ اﻣﺎﮐﻦ را ﻣﻤﻨـﻮع و ﺗﻔﺘـﯿﺶ و ﺑﺎزرﺳـﯽ از آن را ﻣﻨـﻮط ﺑـﻪ ﺣﻀـﻮر ﻣﺎﻟﮑـﺎن ﻧﻤﻮده اﻧﺪ. ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮان اﻋﻼم ﻧﻤﻮد اﯾﻦ ﻧﻮع از ﭘﺎﯾﺶ در دو ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﺄﯾﯿﺪ ﻣﻘﻨﻦ ﻗـﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﯾﮑﯽ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ اﻣﻨﯿﺖ داﺧﻠﯽ و ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ ﮐﺸﻮر ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و دﯾﮕـﺮي ﺣـﺎﻟﺘﯽ ﮐـﻪ ﻣﺮﺑـﻮط ﺑـﻪ ﮐﺸـﻒ ﺟﺮاﺋﻢ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﺑﻨﺪﻫﺎي اﻟﻒ، ب، پ و ت ﻣﺎده 302 ﻗﺎﻧﻮن آﯾﯿﻦ دادرﺳﯽ ﮐﯿﻔﺮي ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨـﺪ ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ ﺑـﻪ اﯾـﻦ ﻧﮑﺘﻪ ﺣﺎﺋﺰ اﻫﻤﯿﺖ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﮥ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽِ ﻣﻄﺮوﺣﻪ در ﻣﺎدة 150 ﻗﺎﻧﻮن آﯾﯿﻦ دادرﺳﯽ، ﮐﻨﺘﺮل ﻣﺨﺎﺑﺮاﺗﯽ اﺳـﺖ و ﻣﺴﺌﻠﮥ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﭘﺎﯾﺶ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﯽ ﮔﺮدد ﮐﻪ در ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺖ ﻧﻮﻋﯽ ﺗﻔﺘﯿﺶ و ﺗﺤـﺖ ﺳـﯿﻄﺮة ﻣـﺎدة 137 ﻗﺮار ﻣﯽ ﮔﯿﺮد. ﻟﺬا ﺟﻬﺖ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮي از ﻫﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اﻋﻤﺎلِ ﺳﻠﯿﻘﻪ در زﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﻧﻘﺾ ﺣﺮﯾﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻـﯽ؛ ﺑﻬﺘـﺮ اﺳـﺖ ﻣﻮارد ﺣﺼﺮي ﮐﻪ اﻣﮑﺎن ﭘﺎﯾﺶ ﺳﻤﻌﯽ و ﺑﺼﺮي در آن وﺟﻮد دارد؛ ﻃﯽ ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ آﺗـﯽ ﺻـﺮاﺣﺘﺎً ﻣـﻮرد اﺷـﺎره ﻗـﺮار ﺑﮕﯿﺮد.

Prosecution and prosecution of criminal acts always occur when these acts are discovered, on the other hand, the criminal case is sent from the court to the prosecutor's office when the evidence of conviction is sufficient to issue a conviction. Many stages of discovery of evidence and preliminary investigations are obtained during police operations. This operation can also include site inspections, which were discussed in this article and discussed in a descriptive-analytical manner; Covert surveillance of places was audiovisual. This type of monitoring is called eavesdropping in legal terms. It was observed that the Constitution and the Code of Criminal Procedure prohibit illegal entry into places and make its inspection and inspection conditional on the presence of individuals. However, this type of monitoring has been approved by the legislature in two ways. One is the case related to the internal and external security of the country and the other is the case related to the detection of crimes subject to paragraphs A,B,C and T of Article 302 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. However, it is important to note that the legal issue raised in Article150 of the Code of Judicial Procedure is telecommunications control, and the issue of the present study mostly involves spatial monitoring, which is in fact a kind of inspection and is controlled by Article137. Therefore, in order to prevent any exercise of taste in the field of privacy violations; Exclusive cases where audio and visual monitoring is possible; be explicitly mentioned in future laws.