كليدواژه :
مفاتيح العلوم , ابوعبدالله خوارزمي , فرهنگ اصطلاحات , واژگان دخيله , العين
چكيده فارسي :
ﮐﺘﺎب ﻣﻔﺎﺗﯿﺢاﻟﻌﻠﻮم )ﮐﻠﯿﺪﻫﺎي داﻧﺶﻫﺎ( ﯾﮑﯽ از ﮐﻬﻦ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓﻫﺎي ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎي ﻣﺎﻧﺪه اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎت ﻋﻠﻮم ﺑﻪ ﻋﺮﺑﯽ و ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ از ﮐﺘﺎب اﻟﻌﯿﻦ ﻓﺮاﻫﯿﺪي اﺳﺖ، ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺴﺎﻣﺢ، از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﮐﻬﻦﺗﺮﯾﻦ داﻧﺸﻨﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎي ﺟﻬﺎن اﺳﻼم ﻧﯿﺰ ﺷﻤﺮده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻨﺪه اﯾﻦ ﮐﺘﺎب، ﯾﻌﻨﯽ اﺑﻮﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻠﻪ ﺧﻮارزﻣﯽ ﮐﺘﺎب ﺧﻮد را ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎم اﺑﻮاﻟﺤﺴﯿﻦ ﻋﺒﯿﺪاﻟﻠﻪ ﺑﻦ اﺣﻤﺪ ﻋﺘﺒﯽ، وزﯾﺮ ﻧﻮح ﺑﻦ ﻣﻨﺼﻮر ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﯽ، ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ آورده اﺳﺖ. ﻣﻔﺎﺗﯿﺢاﻟﻌﻠﻮم در دو ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ و ﭘﺎﻧﺰده ﺑﺎب و ﻧﻮد و ﺳﻪ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺑﺮاي ﻧﺨﺴﺘﯿﻦ ﺑﺎر ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻓﺎن ﻓﻠﻮﺗﻦ در ﻟﯿﺪن ﻫﻠﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﭼﺎپ رﺳﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ اول آن ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻠﻮم ﺷﺮﯾﻌﺖ و ﻋﻠﻮم ﻋﺮﺑﯽ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ آن و ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ دوم آن ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻠﻮم ﻣﺮدم ﻏﯿﺮ ﻋﺮب ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻣﺎ در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻧﺨﺴﺘﯿﻦ ﺑﺎر ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ و ﻣﺂﺧﺬ ﺧﻮارزﻣﯽ و ﺑﻪوﯾﮋه اﻟﻌﯿﻦ ﺧﻠﯿﻞ ﺑﻦ اﺣﻤﺪ ﻓﺮاﻫﯿﺪي ﺑﻪ دﻗﺖ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﺮده و در ﺿﻤﻦ، ﻧﺎم اﻓﺮاد و ﮐﺘﺎبﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻨﺎد ﺧﻮارزﻣﯽ را از ﮐﺘﺎب ﻣﻔﺎﺗﯿﺢاﻟﻌﻠﻮم اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج ﮐﺮدهاﯾﻢ. اﯾﻦ ﮐﺘﺎب از ﻧﻈﺮ زﺑﺎن ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ ﻫﻢ داراي ارزش ﺑﺴﯿﺎر زﯾﺎدي اﺳﺖ. ﭼﺮاﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ واژﮔﺎن دﺧﯿﻠﻪ و ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد آﻧﻬﺎ در ﻫﺮ ﻋﻠﻤﯽ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮان ﻣﯿﺰان ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮﮔﺬاري ﺗﻤﺪن ﻫﺎي دﯾﮕﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻤﺪن اﺳﻼﻣﯽ را در ﻋﻠﻮم ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻮرد ﺳﻨﺠﺶ و ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﻗﺮار داد؛ واژﮔﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ از زﺑﺎنﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﭼﻮن ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ، ﯾﻮﻧﺎﻧﯽ، ﻻﺗﯿﻦ، ﺧﻮارزﻣﯽ، ﺗﺮﮐﯽ، ﻣﺮوي، ﺳﺮﯾﺎﻧﯽ و ﻫﻨﺪي ﺑﻪ ﻋﺎرﯾﺖ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه و ﺑﻪ ﮐﺘﺎب ﻣﻔﺎﺗﯿﺢاﻟﻌﻠﻮم راه ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﻟﺬا در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺷﻤﺎري از واژﮔﺎن دﺧﯿﻠﻪ ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻨﺎد ﺧﻮد ﺧﻮارزﻣﯽ ﻫﻢ از ﮐﺘﺎب ﻣﻔﺎﺗﯿﺢاﻟﻌﻠﻮم اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. در ﺿﻤﻦ، در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﯿﺮ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺗﯽ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه درﺑﺎره اﯾﻦ ﮐﺘﺎب در ﻏﺮب، ﺑﻪ وﯾﮋه ﻣﺴﺘﺸﺮﻗﺎن آﻟﻤﺎﻧﯽ، و ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎن ﻋﺮب ﻧﯿﺰ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺧﺎص ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ.
چكيده لاتين :
The book Mafātīḥ ul-ʿUlum (Keys of Knowledge) is one of the oldest surviving dictionaries of terms of knowledge in Arabic, which is influenced by the book al-ʿAyn al-Farāhīdī, which is tolerantly considered one of the oldest encyclopedias in the Islamic world. The author of this book, Abū-‘Abdillāh al-Khawārazmī, has prepared his book in the name of Abū-l-Ḥussayn ʿUbaydullāh ibn Aḥmad al-ʿUtbī, the minister of Noah ibn Manṣūr as-Sāmānī. Mafātīḥ ul-ʿUlum was published at the first time in two articles and fifteen sections and ninety-three chapters by Van Vloten in Leiden, the Netherlands. The first article includes the knowledge of Sharīʿa and related Arabic knowledge and the second article includes the knowledge of non-Arab people. In this article, for the first time, we have paid close attention to the sources and references of al-Khawārazmī, and especially al-ʿAyn Khalīl ibn Aḥmad al-Farāhīdī, and at the same time, we have extracted the names of the people and books cited by al-Khawārazmī from the book Mafātīḥ ul-ʿUlum. This book is also very valuable linguistically. Because according to the imported words and their application in any knowledge, can be measured and evaluated the impact of other civilizations on Islamic civilization in different knowledge; Words that have been borrowed from languages such as Persian, Greek, Latin, Khawārazmī, Turkish, Marvī, Syriac and Hindī, and have found their way into the book Mafātīḥ ul-ʿUlum. Therefore, in this article, a number of imported words cited by al-Khawārazmī himself have been extracted from the book Mafātīḥ ul-ʿUlum. In addition, this article pays special attention to the course of studies about this book in the West, especially the German Orientalists, as well as Arab scholars.
